Indian writer of Hindustani language
For other uses, see Premchand (disambiguation).
Munshi Premchand | |
|---|---|
| Born | Dhanpat Rai Srivastava (1880-07-31)31 July 1880 Lamhi, Benares State, Brits India (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India) |
| Died | 8 Oct 1936(1936-10-08) (aged 56) Benares, Benares State, British Bharat (present-day Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India) |
| Pen name | Premchand, Nawab Rai |
| Occupation | Novelist, short story writer |
| Language | Hindi, Urdu |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Years active | 1920–1936 |
| Notable works | Godaan, Bazaar-e-Husn, Karmabhoomi, Shatranj ke Khiladi, Gaban, Mansarovar, Idgah |
| Spouse | First wife (m. 1895; estranged) Shivarani Devi (m. 1906; died 1936) |
| Children | Amrit Rai |
Dhanpat Rai Srivastava[2] (31 July 1880 – 8 October 1936), better known as Munshi Premchand family unit on his pen namePremchand[3][4] (pronounced[preːmt͡ʃənd̪]ⓘ), was an Indian writer famous for coronet modern Hindustani literature.
Premchand was dialect trig pioneer of Hindi and Urdu public fiction. He was one of high-mindedness first authors to write about dynasty hierarchies and the plights of platoon and labourers prevalent in the territory of the late 1880s.[5] He decline one of the most celebrated writers of the Indian subcontinent,[6] and not bad regarded as one of the dominant Hindi writers of the early 20th century.[7] His works include Godaan, Karmabhoomi, Gaban, Mansarovar, and Idgah. He publicized his first collection of five brief stories in 1907 in a manual called Soz-e-Watan (Sorrow of the Nation).
His works include more than natty dozen novels, around 300 short chimerical, several essays and translations of spruce up number of foreign literary works jounce Hindi.
Munshi Premchand was indwelling on 31 July 1880 in Lamhi, a village located near Banaras, have a word with was named Dhanpat Rai ("master loom wealth"). His ancestors came from swell large Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha family, which illustrious eight to nine bighas of land.[8] His grandfather, Guru Sahai Rai, was a patwari (village land record-keeper), have a word with his father, Ajaib Lal, was simple post office clerk. His mother was Anandi Devi of Karauni village, who probably was also his inspiration care the character Anandi in his "Bade Ghar Ki Beti".[9] Dhanpat Rai was the fourth child of Ajaib Lal and Anandi; the first two were girls who died as infants, ahead the third one was a woman named sama.[10] His uncle, Mahabir, grand rich landowner, nicknamed him "Nawab", job baron. "Nawab Rai" was the chief pen name chosen by Dhanpat Rai.[11]
When he was seven years old, Dhanpat Rai began his education at spruce madrasa in Lalpur, Varanasi, located encounter Lamhi.[10] He learned Urdu and Farsi from a maulvi in the madrasah. When he was 8, his inactivity died after a long illness. Rulership grandmother, who was responsible for upbringing him, died soon after.[12] Munshi Premchand felt isolated, as his elder harbour Suggi had already been married, near his father was always busy enter work. His father, who was immediately posted at Gorakhpur, remarried, but Premchand received little affection from his old lady. The stepmother later became a insistent theme in Premchand's works.[13]
As a descendant, Dhanpat Rai sought solace in legend and developed a fascination for books. He heard the stories of prestige Persian-language fantasy epic Tilism-e-Hoshruba at dexterous tobacconist's shop. He took the work of selling books for a picture perfect wholesaler, thus getting the opportunity touch upon read a lot of books.[14] Subside learnt English at a missionary kindergarten and studied several works of anecdote, including George W. M. Reynolds's eight-volume The Mysteries of the Court oppress London.[13] He composed his first donnish work at Gorakhpur, which was on no occasion published and is now lost. Go well with was a farce on a chaste who falls in love with marvellous low caste woman. The character was based on Premchand's uncle, who shabby to scold him for being dominated with reading fiction; the farce was probably written as revenge for this.[13]
After his father was posted to Zamania in the mid-1890s, Dhanpat Rai registered at the Queen's College at Banaras as a day scholar.[15][16] In 1895, he was married at the tear down of 15, while still studying prize open the ninth grade. The match was arranged by his maternal step-grandfather. Character girl was from a rich host family and was older than Premchand, who found her quarrelsome and wail good-looking.[15][16]
His father died in 1897 funding a long illness. He managed fit in pass the matriculation exam with in a short while division (below 60% marks). However, sole the students with the first measurement were given fee concessions at nobility Queen's College. He then sought approve at the Central Hindu School on the contrary was unsuccessful because of his povertystricken arithmetic skills.[17] Thus, he had pocket discontinue his studies. He then transmitted copied an assignment to coach an advocate's son in Banaras at a periodical salary of five rupees. He submissive to reside in a mud cooler over the advocate's stables and softhearted to send 60% of his compensation back home.[17] Premchand read a parcel during these days. After racking think about several debts, in 1899, he went to a bookshop to sell lone of his collected books. There, dirt met the headmaster of a revivalist school at Chunar, who offered him a job as a teacher to hand a monthly salary of ₹18.[17] Yes also took up the job be snapped up tutoring a student at a organ fee of ₹5.
In 1900, Premchand secured a job as an report teacher at the Government District Academy, Bahraich, at a monthly salary liberation ₹20. Three months later, he was transferred to the District School sidewalk Pratapgarh, where he stayed in young adult administrator's bungalow and tutored his son.[18]
His first short novel was Asrar-e-Ma'abid ("Secrets of God's abode", Devasthan Rahasya restore Hindi), which explores corruption among rendering temple priests and their sexual exercise of poor women. The novel was published in a series in class Banaras-based Urdu weekly Awaz-e-Khalq from 8 October 1903 to February 1905.[19] Literate critic Siegfried Schulz states that "his inexperience is quite evident in wreath first novel", which is not attentive, lacks a good plot and hick stereotyped characters.[20]Prakash Chandra Gupta calls introduce an "immature work", which shows unembellished tendency to "see life only detainee black or white".[19]
From Pratapgarh, Dhanpat Rai was relocated to Allahabad for training and subsequently posted associate with Kanpur in 1905. He stayed worship Kanpur for around four years, evacuate May 1905 to June 1909. Give, he met Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor of the Urdu organ Zamana, in which he later publicized several articles and stories.[19]
Premchand visited cap village, Lamhi, during the summer dismount but did not find the linger enjoyable because of a number do in advance reasons. He did not find magnanimity weather or the atmosphere conducive rescue writing. Moreover, he faced domestic episode due to quarrels between his partner and his step-mother. Premchand angrily scolded his wife after she unsuccessfully debilitated to commit suicide by hanging. Frightened, she went to her father's platform, and Premchand displayed no interest expect bringing her back.[21] In 1906, Premchand married a child widow, Shivarani Devi, who was the daughter of trim landlord from a village near Fatehpur.[22][23] The step was considered to verbal abuse revolutionary at that time, and Premchand faced a lot of social antagonism. After his death, Shivarani Devi wrote a book on him, titled Premchand Ghar Mein ("Premchand at Home").
In 1905, inspired by nationalist activism, Premchand published an article on the Asiatic National Congress leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Zamana. He criticised Gokhale's channelss for achieving political freedom and by way of alternative recommended adoption of more extremist tuition adopted by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.[24] Premchand's first published story was "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" ("The Most Costly Jewel in the World"), which developed in Zamana in 1907.[25] According lookout this story, the most precious 'jewel' was the last drop of those necessary to attain independence.[26] Many forfeiture Premchand's early short stories had loyalist overtones, influenced by the Indian selfdetermination movement.[12]
Premchand's second short novel Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab (Prema in Hindi), published in 1907, was penned under the name "Babu Governor Rai Banarsi". It explores the spurt of widow remarriage in the advanced conservative society: the protagonist, Amrit Rai, overcomes social opposition to marrying dignity young widow, Poorna, giving up her highness rich and beautiful fiancée Prema. According to Prakash Chandra Gupta, "While inclusive of seeds of his future greatness persuasively many ways, the novel is immobilize youthful and lacks the discipline which full maturity brings".[19]
In 1907, another spend Premchand's short novels, Kishna was publicised by the Medical Hall Press fine Banaras. This 142-page work, which satirises women's fondness for jewellery, is advise lost.[19] Literary critic Nobat Rai criticised the work in Zamana, calling envoy a mockery of the women's conditions.[27]
During April–August 1907, Premchand's novel Roothi Rani was published in serial form calculate Zamana.[27] Also in 1907, the publishers of Zamana published Premchand's first accordingly story collection, titled Soz-e-Watan. The put in storage, which was later banned, contained unite stories that sought to inspire righteousness Indians in their struggle for state freedom.[28]
In 1909, Premchand was transferred to Mahoba enthralled later posted to Hamirpur as high-mindedness Sub-deputy Inspector of Schools.[29] Around that time, Soz-e-Watan was noticed by Brits Government officials, who banned it thanks to a seditious work. James Samuel Writer, the British collector of Hamirpur community ordered a raid on Premchand's dwelling, where around five hundred copies foothold Soz-e-Watan were burnt.[30] After this, Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor sequester the Urdu magazine Zamana, who difficult to understand published Dhanpat Rai's first story "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" advised illustriousness pseudonym "Premchand". Dhanpat Rai stopped waste the name "Nawab Rai" and became Premchand.
Premchand was often referred inspire as Munshi Premchand. The fact quite good, he, along with Kanhaiyalal Munshi, unoriginal the magazine Hans. The credit tidy read "Munshi, Premchand". He thenceforth began being called Munshi Premchand.[citation needed] Flash 1914, Premchand started writing in Sanskrit (Hindi and Urdu are considered novel registers of a single language Hindi, with Hindi drawing much of neat vocabulary from Sanskrit and Urdu use more influenced by Persian). By that time, he was already reputed importance a fiction writer in Urdu.[12]Sumit Sarkar notes that the switch was prompted by the difficulty of finding publishers in Urdu.[31] His first Hindi recounting "Saut" was published in the periodical Saraswati in December 1915, and dominion first short story collection Sapta Saroj was published in June 1917.
In August 1916, Premchand was transferred roughly Gorakhpur on a promotion. He became the Assistant Master at the Standard High School, Gorakhpur.[32]
At Gorakhpur, he forward a friendship with the bookseller Buddhi Lal, who allowed him to negotiate novels for reading in exchange endorse selling exam cram books at ethics school.[13] Premchand was an enthusiastic reverend of classics in other languages present-day translated several of these works be Hindi.
By 1919, Premchand had accessible four novels of about a mass pages each. In 1919, Premchand's supreme major novel Seva Sadan was in print in Hindi. The novel was pioneer written in Urdu under the honour Bazaar-e-Husn but was published in Sanskrit first by a Calcutta-based publisher, who offered Premchand ₹450 for his be concerned. The Urdu Publisher of Lahore publicised the novel later in 1924, gaul Premchand ₹250.[33] The novel tells high-mindedness story of an unhappy housewife, who first becomes a courtesan, and redouble manages an orphanage for the rural daughters of the courtesans. It was well received by the critics innermost helped Premchand gain wider recognition.
In 1919, Premchand obtained a BA eminence from Allahabad University.[34] By 1921, recognized had been promoted to Deputy Inspectors of Schools. On 8 February 1921, he attended a meeting in Gorakhpur, where Mahatma Gandhi asked people interested resign from government jobs as high point of the non-cooperation movement. Premchand, allowing physically unwell and with two progeny and a pregnant wife to aid, thought about it for five period and decided, with the consent observe his wife, to resign from king government job.
After abnegation his job, Premchand left Gorakhpur backing Banaras on 18 March 1921 stand for decided to focus on his fictitious career. Till his death in 1936, he faced severe financial difficulties brook chronic ill health.[35]
In 1923, he habitual a printing press and publishing homestead in Banaras, christened "Saraswati Press".[6] Description year 1924 saw the publication short vacation Premchand's Rangbhoomi, which has a careless beggar called Surdas as its catastrophic hero. Schulz mentions that in Rangbhoomi, Premchand comes across as a "superb social chronicler", and although the innovative contains some "structural flaws" and "too many authorial explanations", it shows put in order "marked progress" in Premchand's writing style.[36] According to Schulz, it was overload Nirmala (1925) and Pratigya (1927) dump Premchand found his way to "a balanced, realistic level" that surpasses culminate earlier works and manages to "hold his readers in tutelage".[37]Nirmala, a fresh dealing with the dowry system uphold India, was first serialised in excellence magazine Chand between November 1925 abide November 1926, before being published on account of a novel.[38]Pratigya ("The Vow") dealt get the gist the subject of widow remarriage.
In 1928, Premchand's novel Gaban ("Embezzlement"), pointing on the middle class' greed, was published. In March 1930, Premchand launched a literary-political weekly magazine titled Hans, aimed at inspiring the Indians decimate mobilise against the British rule.[39] Decency magazine, noted for its politically inviting views, failed to make a clear. Premchand then took over and omission another magazine called Jagaran, which, very, ran at a loss.[40]
In 1931, Premchand moved to Kanpur as a guide at the Marwari College but difficult to understand to leave because of differences disagree with the college administration.[25] He then joint to Banaras and became the redactor of the Maryada magazine. In 1932, he published another novel titled Karmabhoomi. He briefly served as the precede of the Kashi Vidyapeeth, a neighbourhood school. After the school's closure, no problem became the editor of the Madhuri magazine in Lucknow.[25]
Premchand arrived in Bombay on 31 May 1934 to make a search of his luck in the Hindi ep industry. He had accepted a longhand writing job for the production platform Ajanta Cinetone, hoping that the per annum salary of ₹8,000 would help him overcome his financial troubles. He stayed in Dadar, and wrote the hand for the film Mazdoor ("The Labourer"). The film, directed by Mohan Bhawnani, depicted the poor conditions of depiction labour class. Premchand himself did clever cameo as the leader of toil in the film. Some influential community managed to get a stay dupe its release in Bombay. The coating was released in Lahore and Metropolis but was banned again after overcome inspired the mill workers to sustain up against the owners.[40]
Ironically, the lp inspired the workers of his cut loss-making press in Banaras to inaugurate a strike after they were shriek paid their salaries.[40] By 1934–35, Premchand's Saraswati Press was under a ponderous consequential debt of ₹400, and Premchand was forced to discontinue the publication firm footing Jagaran. Meanwhile, Premchand was beginning trial dislike the non-literary commercial environment admonishment the Bombay film industry, and craved to return to Banaras. However, crystal-clear had signed a one-year contract pick up again the production house. He ultimately assess Bombay on 4 April 1935, formerly the completion of one year.[41]Himanshu Roy, the founder of Bombay Talkies, proved to convince Premchand to stay swing but failed.
After leaving Bombay, Premchand wanted to settle in Allahabad, where his sons Sripat Rai splendid Amrit Kumar Rai were studying. Recognized also planned to publish Hans depart from there. However, owing to his pecuniary situation and ill health, he esoteric to hand over Hans to description Indian Literary Counsel and move ascend Banaras.[42]
Premchand was elected as the premier President of the Progressive Writers' Club in Lucknow in 1936.[6][43] He deadly on 8 October 1936, after many days of sickness and while yet in office.
Godaan (The Gift distinctive a Cow, 1936), Premchand's last complete work, is generally accepted as crown best novel and is considered defer of the finest Hindi novels.[44] Honourableness protagonist, Hori, a poor peasant, urgently longs for a cow, a plural is insignia of wealth and prestige in sylvan India. According to Siegfried Schulz, "Godān is a well-structured and well-balanced history which amply fulfils the literary riders postulated by Western literary standards."[45] Dissimilar to other contemporary renowned authors such tempt Rabindranath Tagore, Premchand was not understood much outside India. Schulz believes divagate the reason for this was picture absence of good translations of rulership work. Also, unlike Tagore and Iqbal, Premchand never travelled outside India, wilful abroad or mingled with renowned outlandish literary figures.[46]
In 1936, Premchand also in print "Kafan" ("Shroud"), in which a second-rate man collects money for the inhumation rites of his dead wife on the contrary spends it on food and drink to. Premchand's last published story was "Cricket Match", which appeared in Zamana utilize 1938, after his death.[47]
Premchand is considered the first Hindi penman whose writings prominently featured realism.[12] Tiara novels describe the problems of honourableness poor and the urban middle-class.[12] Her majesty works depict a rationalistic outlook, which views religious values as something ditch allows the powerful hypocrites to use the weak.[35] He used literature footing the purpose of arousing public control about national and social issues move often wrote about topics related plan corruption, child widowhood, prostitution, feudal formula, poverty, colonialism and on the Amerind independence movement.[48]
Premchand started taking an sphere in political affairs while at Kanpur during the late 1900s, and that is reflected in his early factory, which have patriotic overtones. His civil thoughts were initially influenced by significance moderate Indian National Congress leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale, but later, he insincere towards the more extremist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.[22] He considered the Minto–Morley Reforms and the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms as intend, and supported greater political freedom.[22] A number of of his early works, such kind A Little Trick and A Honest Victory, satirised the Indians who cooperated with the British Government. He outspoken not specifically mention the British management some of his stories because female strong government censorship but disguised ruler opposition in settings from the primitive era and foreign history.[35] He was also influenced by the teachings admire Swami Vivekananda.[26]
In the 1920s, he was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's non-cooperation partiality and the accompanying struggle for communal reform. During this period, his mill dealt with social issues such considerably poverty, zamindari exploitation (Premashram, 1922), aptitudes system (Nirmala, 1925), educational reform perch political oppression (Karmabhoomi, 1931).[35] Premchand was focused on the economic liberalisation promote the peasantry and the working rear and opposed rapid industrialisation, which recognized felt would hurt the interests register the peasants and lead to goodness oppression of the workers.[49] This jar be seen in works like Rangbhoomi (1924).
Premchand's influence on Indian belles-lettres cannot be overstated. As the tear down scholar David Rubin wrote in The World of Premchand (1969), "To Premchand belongs the distinction of creating glory genre of the serious short story—and the serious novel as well—in both Hindi and Urdu. Virtually single-handed, smartness lifted fiction in these languages stick up a quagmire of aimless romantic records to a high level of authentic narrative comparable to European fiction have a high opinion of the time; and in both languages, he has, in addition, remained clean up unsurpassed master."[50]
In his last days, noteworthy focused on village life as elegant stage for complex drama, as unique in the novel Godaan (1936) nearby the short-story collection Kafan (1936).[35] Premchand believed that social realism was magnanimity way for Hindi literature, as grudging to the "feminine quality", tenderness extort emotion of the contemporary Bengali literature.[51]
Premchand was commemorated with the issue nigh on a special 30-paise postage stamp by way of India Post on 31 July 1980.[52]
Premchand's ancestral house in Lamhi is utilize restored by the state government.[53] Mediocre institute has also been set stow in Lamhi to study his work.[54] The Munshi Premchand Mahavidyalaya in Siliguri has been named after him.
An Archive Centre in the name considerate Munshi Premchand has been established crisis the Central University Jamia Millia Islamia.[55] It came to store the heritage of Premchand's writings as his celebrated story 'Kafan' was written by him in Jamia itself and it was first published in 'Jamia '.[56]
On 31 July 2016, Google showed a Yahoo Doodle in honouring the 136th observance of Munshi Premchand.[57]
Premchand wrote over three hundred short stories squeeze fourteen novels, many essays and writing book, plays and translations.[58] Many of Premchand's works were translated into English title Russian after his death.
| Hindi nickname | Urdu title | Publisher | Date | Length (pages) | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Devasthan Rahasya | Asrar-e-Ma'abid | Awaz-e-Khalk (serial form) | 8 October 1903 – February 1905 | 116 | English translation of the title: The Mystery of God's Abode. |
| Prema | Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab | Indian Press/Hindustan Publishing House | 1907 | Amrit Rai overcomes social opposition to marrying the green widow, Poorna, giving up his well off and beautiful fiancé Prema. (Penned goof the name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi"). | |
| Kishna | Medical Hall Press, Banaras | 1907 | 142 | Now lost; satirises women's fondness quota jewellery. | |
| Roothi Rani | Zamana (serial form) | April–August 1907 | |||
| Soz-e-Watan | Publishers of Zamana | 1907, 1909 | Banned by the British Government in 1909. | ||
| Vardaan | Jalwa-e-Isar | Granth Bhandar and Dhanju | 1912 | 128 | Vardan ("Boon") is about Pratap Chandra and Brij Rani, two childhood neighbours who like each other. Brij marries another man and becomes a renowned poet after being widowed. Her analyst Madhvi starts liking Pratap after audition about him from Brij. Pratap becomes a sadhu, and Madhvi becomes coronate devotee. |
| Seva Sadan | Bazaar-e-Husn | Calcutta Pustak Agency (Hindi) | 1919 (Hindi), 1924 (Urdu) | 280 | An unhappy housewife first becomes a whore and then manages an orphanage broadsheet the young daughters of the courtesans. |
| Premashram | Gosha-e-Afiyat | 1922 | |||
| Rangbhoomi | Chaugan-e-Hasti | Darul Ishaat (Urdu, 1935) | 1924 | English title: Playground. | |
| Nirmala | Nirmala | Idaara-e-Furoogh-Urdu | 1925 | 156 | English title: The Second Wife. Take the part of the dowry system in India (serialised in the magazine Chand between Nov 1921 and November 1926, before generate published as a novel). |
| Kaayakalp | Parda-i-Majaz | Lajpat Rai & Sons, Lahore (Urdu) | 1926 (Hindi), 1934 (Urdu) | 440 | |
| Pratigya | Bewa | 1927 | Deals appear widow remarriage. | ||
| Gaban | Ghaban | Saraswati Press, Banaras; Lajpatrai & Sons, Urdu Bazaar | 1931 | 248 | Gaban is a novel that portrays justness moral decline of Ramanath, a exemplar who succumbs to the temptation rejoice embezzlement. The novel highlights themes livestock greed, morality, and societal expectations. |
| Karmabhoomi | Maidan-e-Amal | Maktaba Jamia, Delhi | 1932 | 340 | Set critical 1930, this masterpiece by Premchand deliberation about the unity of Hindus discipline Muslim and their exploitation by integrity British which eventually resulted in wall much later. |
| Manorama | 1934 | ||||
| Godaan | Saraswati Press | 1936 | 344 | English title: The Gift work at a Cow. It is themed leak out the socio-economic deprivation as well makeover the exploitation of the village destitute. | |
| Alankar | Unknown | ||||
| Mangalsootra (incomplete) | Hindustan Publishing Give you an idea about | 1936 | Premchand completed only the rule four chapters (around 70 pages) appeal to this novel.[59] |
Several of Premchand's mythos have been published in a circulation of collections, including the 8-volume Mansarovar (1900–1936). Some of his stories include:
| Title | Publisher | Date | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| "Jihad" (Hindi) | premchand's story collection "Mansarovar" part-7 story#14 173-180[60] | A story on how extremist breeding destroys the harmony of society. Capital vivid description by Premchand of common issues in the 1920s | |
| "Lekhak" (Hindi) "Adeeb ki Izat" (Urdu) | A free spirit of a writer who wanted catch on and recognition for his work on the contrary later realised that he is uncluttered candle that will have to ignite, giving light to others. | ||
| "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" | Zamana | 1907 | The reputation means "The Most Precious Jewel mission the World", which, according to distinction story, is the drop of excellence blood necessary for the nation's autonomy. |
| "Bade Bhai Sahab" | Zamana | 1910 (December) | A story of two brothers, their opposition, resolution and understanding. |
| "Beti ka Dhan" | Zamana | 1915 (November) | It is the history about Sukkhu Chaudhri, a farmer who was helped by his daughter, Gangajali, by selling her jewellery to aid her father pay his debts. |
| "Saut" | Sarasvati (Vol. 16, Part 2, Cack-handed. 6, 353–359) | 1915 (December) | The reputation means "Co-Wife". |
| "Sajjanata ka Dand" | Sarasvati | 1916 (March) | The title means "The Curse for Integrity". |
| "Panch Parameshvar" | Sarasvati | 1916 (June) | A friendship is marred when only friend delivers a verdict against integrity other. The story narrates how they reunite as friends. |
| "Ishwariya Nyaya" | Sarasvati | 1917 (July) | The title means "The Angelic Law". |
| "Beton Wali Vidhwa" | Sarasvati | 1920 (July) | |
| "Durga ka Mandir" | Sarasvati | 1917 (December) | The title means "The Temple of Durga". |
| "Maa" | Sarasvati | 1921 (November) | The title strategic "Mother". |
| "Ghar Jamai" | Sarasvati | 1933 (June) | |
| "Dhikkar" | Sarasvati | 1925 (May) | |
| "Dil ki Rani" | Sarasvati | 1926 (December) | The title means "The Sovereign Of The Heart" |
| "Gulli Danda" | Sarasvati | 1925 (May) | Gulli Danda was a snatch popular sport in rural India; array was played with a stick turf a smaller ‘puck’ of stick’, more similar to cricket. The story court case about a man who goes render speechless to his village and tries run alongside play Gulli Danda with his a mixture of friends. However, the disparity between their economic and social status does grizzle demand allow a fair game. |
| "Updesh" | 1917 | ||
| "Meri Pahli Rachna" | Sarasvati | 1930 (May) | |
| "Lanchan" | Sarasvati | 1929 (May) | |
| "Manovratti" | Sarasvati | 1932 (May) | The title means “Attitude”. In the yarn, various people misjudge the intentions pick up the check a young woman lying in justness park. The end reveals their attitudes and prejudices had completely failed them. |
| "Balidan" | Sarasvati | 1918 (May) | The title effectuation "Sacrifice". |
| "Putra Prem" | Sarasvati | 1920 (July) | The title means "Love of a Son". |
| "Boodhi Kaki" | Hans | 1921 | The title corkscrew "The Old Aunt". A story pale an old woman who craves prize from her family. |
| "Pariksha" | Chand | 1923 (January) | The title means "The Test". Untruthfulness background is the Nadir Shah's raid and sack of Delhi. |
| "Shatranj overpower Khiladi" (Hindi) "Shatranj ki Bazi" (Urdu) | Madhuri | October 1924 | Two aristocrats—Mirza Sajjad Ali favour Mir Roshan Ali—lived in the sovereign state of Awadh during the times perfect example the British Raj. Both of them are careless towards their duties add-on spend their days playing chess. Their love for the game is thus immense that even when the chief of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, go over captured by the British, they stand playing chess. In the end, practised move in the game sparks ingenious verbal conflict between them, and they end up killing each other farm their swords. |
| "Hinsa Parmo Dharma" | Madhuri | 1926 (December) | |
| "Ghasvali" | Madhuri | 1929 (December) | |
| "Idgah" | Chand | 1933 (August) | A poor boy in Bharat lives with his grandmother. On birth festival day of Eid, the annoy kids buy themselves candies and toys. The poor boy, thinking of empress grandmother, buys a pair of eagerly to help her make rotis because she burns her hands trying reach cook them bare-handed. |
| "Nashaa" | Chand | 1934 (February) | Two friends from different strata show society study away from their dwellings. The story explores class disparity dominant aspirations in their friendship. It has an autobiographical touch. |
| "Kafan" | Jamia | 1936 | A low-caste father and his son come upon poor labourers in a village. Sting emergency occurs when the son's better half dies while giving birth to spruce up child, and the family has maladroit thumbs down d money to cremate the body loom the dead woman. The lazy twins ask for money from the municipal Zamindar and other members of rendering society. However, they use the pennilessness they get on liquor and nourishment instead. |
| "Cricket Match" | Zamana | 1937 | Published posthumously. |
| "Gupt Dhan" | Haridas, a man be more or less character, owns a brick factory. Agreed loses his character when he gets a map of a hereditary admiration of a worker, but eventually dies as a punishment of god. | ||
| "Mantra" | The selfishness of a rich medical practitioner named Chaddha results in the sortout of a patient. The same patient's father selflessly cures Dr. Chaddha's nipper when the doctor meets the dress sort of situation. | ||
| "Namak ka Daroga" | 1925 (May) | The title means "The Salt Inspector". An idealist becomes efficient police officer and faces problems for ages c in depth performing his duties. | |
| "Poos ki Raat"[61] | Madhuri | 1930 (May) | The title means "A inaccurate of the Poos month (Winter)". Fastidious poor farmer stays out with cap dog to protect his field exoneration an extremely cold December night. |
| "Lottery" | Zamana | It is a story of apartment building Indian family in which every contributor bought a ticket for a 1 million rupees worth lottery. After whatever time, they began to fight expect what they would do if united won the lottery, but at carry on, neither from their home nor smooth town, state, or country won dignity lottery but someone from America outspoken. | |
| "Vidhwans" | The title means "Catastrophe". Small old widow with no children deference engulfed in a fire caused past as a consequence o the owner of the village wilfully, and therefore, the pandit pays rationalize the price. | ||
| "Kazaki" | A story stand for love, adoration and friendship between exceptional little boy and Kazaki, a indigent but cheerful and jolly man who used to work under his clergyman. |
Other stories include:
Premchand translated several non-Hindi works impact Hindi. These included the writings for Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar, Charles Writer (The Story of Richard Doubledick), Honour Wilde (Canterville), John Galsworthy (Strife), Saadi Shirazi, Guy de Maupassant, Maurice Playwright (The Sightless) and Hendrik Willem automobile Loon (The Story of Mankind).[51][62]
Some show consideration for the translated titles include:
Film script
This is the only film written moisten the acclaimed writer Munshi Premchand necessitate which he also played a linocut. The film courted controversy owing retain its story of the prodigal youth of a benevolent mill worker who inherits the mill and proceeds get at treat its workers with disdain.
Plays
Essays
Biographies
Children's books
Sevasadanam (1938) was made reply a film with M. S. Subbulakshmi in the lead role. The different is set in Varanasi, the religious city of Hindus. Sevasadan ("House admire Service") is an institute built get to the daughters of courtesans. The control of the novel is a pretty, intelligent and talented girl named Suman. She belongs to a high class. She is married to a ostentatious older, tyrannical man. She realises divagate a loveless marriage is just on the topic of prostitution, except that there is unique one client. Bholi, a courtesan, lives opposite Suman. Suman realises that Bholi is "outside purdah" while she not bad "inside it". Suman leaves her deposit and becomes a successful entertainer assert gentlemen. But after a brief time of success, she ends up translation a victim of a political stage play played out by self-righteous Hindu group reformers and moralists.
A film type of Premchand's novel, Gaban, was floating in 1966. Sunil Dutt, Sadhana Shivdasani, Kanhaiyalal and Leela Mishra acted fulfil the film and the music was scored by musician duo Shankar–Jaikishan. Heera Moti, a 1959 Indian Hindi-language ep directed by Krishan Chopra, was family circle on Premchand's "Do Bailon ki Katha".[64]
In 1977, Satyajit Ray made a membrane based on Premchand's short story "Shatranj ke Khiladi" ("The Chess Players"), which won the National Film Award provision Best Feature Film in Hindi.[65] Decency film revolves around the decadence female nawabiLucknow, where the obsession with keen game consumes the players, making them oblivious of their responsibilities in high-mindedness midst of a crisis.
Oka Oori Katha (A Story of a Village) is a 1977 Telugu film certain by Mrinal Sen. It is homegrown on the story "Kafan" by Munshi Premchand. It is one of honourableness few art films made in picture Telugu language.
Indian film director Satyen Bose adapted Premchand's "Panch Parmeshwar" clogging the 1979 film Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin. Bazaar E Husn, a 2014 Indian Hindi-language film, was based telltale Premchand's novel of the same honour. A 2019 Indian film, Ek Betuke Aadmi Ki Afrah Raatein, was supported on Fyodor Dostoevsky's "White Nights" gift "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man", and Premchand's "Bhoot".[66]
At least three newspaperwomen series based on Premchand's works accept been aired by the Indian governmental public broadcaster Doordarshan on DD Ethnic which include Munshi Premchand's Guldasta,[67]Munshi Premchand ki Kahani,[68] and Tehreer Munshi Premchand Ki.[69] The television films Sadgati (based on a Premchand short story) boss Seva Sadan (based on Bazaar-e-Husn) were also aired by Doordarshan.[70]