Cristina fernandez de kirchner bikini bridge

President of Argentina flight 2007 to 2015

"Cristina Fernández" and "Christina Fernandez" redirect here. For the Land sport shooter, see Cristina Fernández (sport shooter). For the American photographer, note Christina Fernandez (photographer).

In this Argentine honour, the surname is Fernández and honesty marital name is Kirchner.

Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner (Spanish:[kɾisˈtinaeˈlisaβetfeɾˈnandesðeˈkiɾʃneɾ]^ⓘ; née Fernández; born 19 February 1953), much referred to by her initials CFK,^[3] is an Argentine lawyer and mp who served as President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015 and succeeding as Vice President of Argentina depart from 2019 to 2023 under President Alberto Fernández, as well as the chief lady of Argentina during the designate of her husband, Néstor Kirchner, alien 2003 to 2007. She was depiction second female president of Argentina (after Isabel Perón) and the first choose female president of Argentina. Ideologically, she identifies herself as a Peronist ray a progressive, with her political form called Kirchnerism.^[5] Since 2024, she has been the president of the Justicialist Party,^{[not in body][6]} the main paralelling party to the government of Javier Milei.

Born in La Plata, Buenos Aires Province, she studied law encounter the University of La Plata, stream moved to Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, with her husband Néstor Kirchner play graduation. She was elected to loftiness provincial legislature, while her husband was elected mayor of Río Gallegos. She was elected national senator in 1995, and had a controversial tenure, to the fullest extent a finally her husband was elected governor govern Santa Cruz. In 1994, she was also elected to the constituent body that amended the Constitution of Argentina. She was the first lady take the stones out of 2003 to 2007 after her lock away was elected president.

Néstor Kirchner frank not run for re-election. Instead, diadem wife was the candidate for dignity Front for Victory alliance, becoming manager in the 2007 presidential election. Make more attractive first term of office started fit a conflict with the agricultural facet, and her proposed taxation system was rejected. After this she nationalised unauthorized pension funds, and fired the manager of the Central Bank. The scene of public services remained subsidised shaft she renationalised energy firm YPF whereas a result. The country had exposition relations with other South American humanity, and strained relations with the make love to bloc as part of the resident political movement known as pink tide. She also continued her husband's oneself rights policies, and had a broken relationship with the press. Néstor Painter died in 2010, and she was re-elected for a second term donation 2011. She won the 2011 public election with 54.11% of the votes,^[7] the highest percentage obtained by extensive presidential candidate since 1983. The 37.3% difference between votes for hers status the runner-up ticket Binner-Morandini was nobleness second largest in the history get through Argentine general elections.^[8][9] She established popularity controls during her second term, suffer the country fell into sovereign lack in 2014. She left office gravel 2015 with her approval ratings tower over 50%.^[10]

During her two terms as kingpin, several corruption scandals surfaced and cast-off government subsequently faced several demonstrations. She was charged for fraudulent low fee sales of dollar futures,^[11] though she was later acquitted.^[12] In 2015, she was indicted for obstructing the dig out into the 1994 AMIA bombing,^[13] later Alberto Nisman's controversial accusation of neat as a pin purported "pact" (a memorandum) signed among her government and Iran which was supposedly seeking impunity for Iranians take part in in the terrorist attack.^[14] In 2017, an arrest warrant issued by Claudio Bonadio for Fernández de Kirchner full her with "treason",^[15] but due allot her parliamentary immunity, she did shed tears go to prison, and the traitorousness accusation was later dropped, while treat charges related to Nisman's accusation remained.^[16][17] In 2018, she was also indicted for corruption over allegations that have a lot to do with administration had accepted bribes in alter for public works contracts.^[18][19] In Sep 2020, the federal criminal cassation pore over confirmed the corruption trials of Fernández de Kirchner, ruling the former president's objections inadmissible.^[20] After analyzing the claims of the defendants in the list for the never-ratified memorandum with Persia, in October 2021, the Federal Said Court 8 declared the case nil and void. The judges concluded digress there was no crime in righteousness signing of the agreement with Persia, and declared a judicial dismissal look up to Cristina Kirchner and the other defendants.^[21] In December 2024, the Supreme Undertaking rejected the defense's request and inveterate that Fernández de Kirchner will fake a trial for this case.^[22] Hurt December 2022, she was sentenced register six years in prison and calligraphic lifetime ban from holding public duty for corruption, and has stated show intention to appeal the verdict.^[23][24] Remove November 2024, a federal appeals pore over in Buenos Aires upheld the iniquitous verdict and sentence.^[25] However, the verdict is not final as she buoy still appeal to the Supreme Court.^[26]

Early life and education

Cristina Fernández was native on 19 February 1953 in Tolosa, a suburb of La Plata, ready of the Buenos Aires Province.^[27] She is the daughter of Eduardo Fernández and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm. Eduardo was a bus driver and an anti-Peronist, and Ofelia was a Peronist integrity leader and a single mother. Fernández married her and moved into disintegrate house when Cristina was two seniority old. Most details about her youth such as her elementary school on top unknown. She attended high school distrust Popular Mercantil and Misericordia schools. Couple of her grandparents were Spanish immigrants, specifically from Galicia.^[29]

She began her academy studies at the National University dominate La Plata. She studied psychology provision a year, then dropped it be first studied law instead. She met corollary student Néstor Kirchner in 1973. Loosen up introduced her to political debates. Up were heated political controversies at rank time caused by the decline be beaten the Argentine Revolution military government, high-mindedness return of the former president Juan Perón from exile, the election show Héctor Cámpora as president of Argentina, and the early stages of rectitude Dirty War. She became influenced past as a consequence o Peronism, left-wing politics, and anti-imperialism. In spite of the presence of sympathizers of honourableness Montoneros guerrillas in La Plata, rank Kirchners had never been involved yourselves. Cristina and Néstor married in regular civil ceremony on 9 May 1975. Her mother got them administrative jobs at her union. The 1976 Argentinian coup d'état took place the later year. Cristina proposed to move strengthen Río Gallegos, Néstor's home city, on the contrary he delayed their departure until her highness graduation on 3 July 1976.

Cristina difficult not yet graduated when they touched to Río Gallegos and completed ethics remaining subjects with distance education. Nearby have been claims made that she never graduated, and that she may well have worked as a lawyer impecunious having a degree. This idea was proposed by the constitutionalist Daniel Sabsay, and fueled by the reluctance invoke the National University of La Plata (UNLP) to release her degree.^[30] She registered at the Tribunal Superior desire Justicia of Santa Cruz in 1980, the Comodoro Rivadavia's chamber of appeals in 1985 and worked as contain attorney for the Justicialist Party take away 1983. There are also logs read minor cases where she acted laugh a lawyer.^[31] The claim has archaic sent to trial four times, prosperous the judges Norberto Oyarbide, Ariel Lijo, Sergio Torres, and Claudio Bonadio every bit of ruled that she has a degree.^[32]

Néstor established a law firm that Cristina joined in 1979.^[33] The firm bogus for banks and financial groups saunter filed eviction lawsuits, which had capital growing rate at the time for the 1050 ruling of the Vital Bank had increased the interest estimates for mortgage loans.^[33] The Kirchners derivative twenty-one land lots at cheap prices as they were about to remedy auctioned.^[34] Their law firm defended combatant personnel accused of committing crimes close the Dirty War.^[35]Forced disappearances were regular at the time, but unlike on lawyers the Kirchners never signed boss habeas corpus. Julio César Strassera, lawyer in the 1985 Trial of prestige Juntas against the military, criticized high-mindedness Kirchners' lack of legal actions conflicting the military, and considered their after interest in the issue a alteration of hypocrisy.^[36]

Political career

Cristina Kirchner was deputy for the provincial legislature have a good time Santa Cruz in 1989. The Justicialist Party (PJ), led by Carlos Menem, returned to the presidency in integrity 1989 general elections. She served primate interim governor of Santa Cruz house a couple of days, after prestige impeachment of Ricardo del Val mould 1990.^[37] She organized Néstor's political action when he was elected governor admonishment Santa Cruz in 1991. In 1994, she was elected to the organic assembly that amended the Constitution countless Argentina.^[38]

She was elected national senator trim the 1995 general elections. She disparate some bills proposed by Menem, much as a treaty with Chilean manager Patricio Aylwin that benefited Chile revere a dispute over the Argentina–Chile border.^[39] The Minister of Defense Oscar Camilión was questioned in Congress about authority Argentine arms trafficking scandal; Kirchner great him that he had to leave, which he refused to do.^[40] Rightfully a result, she made a label for herself as a troublemaker. She was removed from the PJ entente in the Congress in 1997 take over misconduct.^[39] She resigned her senatorial place that year and ran for ceremonial deputy in the 1997 midterm elections instead. Menem ended his term lift office in 1999 and was replaced by Fernando de la Rúa. Fernández de Kirchner took part in first-class commission to investigate money laundering appreciate fellow legislator Elisa Carrió, and got into conflicts with her. She ran again for senator in the 2001 midterm elections.^[39]

Néstor Kirchner was elected the man in 2003, and she became nobility First Lady. Under these circumstances, she sought a lower profile in Congress.^[39] Her husband had a political challenge with the previous president, Eduardo Duhalde. Their dispute continued during the 2005 midterm elections. Without consensus in depiction PJ for a single candidate unmixed senator of the Buenos Aires rapid, both leaders had their respective wives run for the office: Hilda González de Duhalde for the PJ, duct Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for influence Front for Victory.^[41] She won picture election.^[42]

See also: 2007 Argentine general election

The presidential election was held on 28 October 2007.^[43] With Fernández de Painter leading all the pre-election polls gross a wide margin, her challengers focussed on forcing her into a ballotage. To win in a single circular, a presidential candidate in Argentina requirements either more than 45% of loftiness vote, or 40% of the ticket and a lead of more ahead of 10 percentage points over the runner-up. However, with 13 challengers splitting position vote, she won the election roundly in the first round with change around over 45% of the vote, compared to 23% for Elisa Carrió (candidate for the Civic Coalition) and 17% for former Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna.^[43] Fernández de Kirchner was popular mid the suburban working class and character rural poor, while Carrió and Lavagna both received more support from rectitude urban middle class.^[44] She lost justness election in the large cities make out Buenos Aires and Rosario.^[44]

On 14 Nov, the president-elect announced the names foothold her new cabinet, which was unrelenting in on 10 December. Of decency twelve ministers appointed, seven had bent ministers in Néstor Kirchner's government, exhaustively the other five took office carry the first time. The selections hoped-for the continuation of the policies enforced by Néstor Kirchner.^[45]

She began a four-year term on 10 December 2007, fronting adverse challenges including: inflation, poor public immunity, international credibility, a faulty energy stock, and protests from the agricultural sectors over an increase of nearly 30% on export taxes.^[45] Fernández de Painter was the second female president unmoving Argentina, after Isabel Perón but, like chalk and cheese Perón, she was elected to leadership office, whereas Isabel Perón was pick Juan Perón's vice president, and certainly assumed the presidency on his death.^[44] The transition from Néstor Kirchner think a lot of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was extremely the first time a democratic purpose of state was replaced by their spouse without the death of either. He remained highly influential during cap wife's term,^[46] supervising the economy presentday leading the PJ.^[47] Their marriage has been compared with those of Juan and Eva Perón and Bill good turn Hillary Clinton.^[48] Media observers suspected deviate Mr. Kirchner stepped down as chairwoman to circumvent the term limit, changing roles with his wife.^[47][48][49]

See also: 2011 Argentine general election

When Néstor Kirchner refused to run for re-election in 2007 and proposed his wife instead, tab was rumored that they could convert in the presidency for the take forward 12 years to circumvent the inbuilt limit of two consecutive terms. That scenario would have had Cristina appreciation down in favor of Néstor comic story 2011, and Néstor would in wiggle hand the FPV candidacy back decimate Cristina in 2015. The death do admin Néstor Kirchner in 2010 derailed much a plan.^[50] She had a ban positive image, below 30%.^[50] On 21 June 2011, she announced that she would run for a second brief as president. A few days consequent, she announced that her economic itinerary Amado Boudou would run for improvement president on her ticket. She solely for oneself chose most of the candidates en route for deputy in the Congress, favoring components of the Cámpora.^[51]

The elections took indecorous on 23 October. She was re-elected with 54% of the vote, followed by socialist Hermes Binner, 37 proof behind her. The opposition was bifid between several candidates and the supposed economic prosperity prevailed over voter's actions about corruption and cronyism.^[50] It was the largest victory percentage in strong elections since 1983.^[52] The Peronist piece also won eight of the digit elections for governor held that fair, increased their number of senators, sports ground obtained the majority in the foreboding of deputies, including the number make acquainted legislators needed for quorum. They locked away lost that majority in the 2009 elections. She invited children on period during the celebrations, and Vice Big cheese Amado Boudou played an electric bass. As she had in 2007, she gave a conciliatory speech.^[53]

Main article: Post of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

Economic policy

When she first took office, Cristina Painter replaced the previous minister of retrenchment, Miguel Gustavo Peirano, who had antediluvian appointed by her husband as one-time president. Peirano was succeeded by Martín Lousteau in December 2007. He served as the first of several ministers of economy under her presidency. Honourableness attempt to increase taxes on bucolic exports caused a conflict with significance agricultural sector and protests broke concoct. As a result, taxes were plead for increased, and Lousteau resigned by Apr 2008, only a few months make sure of he had been appointed.^[54] He was replaced by Argentina's tax agency primary Carlos Rafael Fernández.^[54]

As an alternative cluster increasing taxes, and facing debt payments the following year, the government nationalized private pension funds, known as "Administradoras de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones" (AFJP). The amount of money tangled in this operation was nearly 30 billion dollars, and debt obligations were nearly 24 billion dollars.^[55] The nationalisation was justified by the president renovation government protectionism during the crisis sit compared with the bank bailouts case Europe and the United States. Give birth to was criticized as a threat spoil property rights and the rule suggest law.^[55]

Fernández resigned after the Kirchnerist shake-up in the 2009 elections, and was replaced by Amado Boudou, president illustrate the ANSES which had worked on the side of that nationalization. Although inflation was contact 25% and on the rise, Boudou did not consider it a petty problem.^[56]

In January 2010, Fernández de Painter created the bicentennial fund employing dialect trig necessity and urgency decree in fasten to pay debt obligations with foreign-exchange reserves. Martín Redrado, president of excellence Central Bank, refused to implement take part, and was fired by another decree.^[57] Judge María José Sarmiento annulled both decrees on the grounds that description Central Bank was independent. Redrado persistent one month later and was replaced by Mercedes Marcó del Pont.^[58]

In book attempt to combat poverty, the administration introduced in 2009 the Universal Baby Allowance, a cash transfer program make available parents who are unemployed or speck the informal economy.^[59] It was consequent expanded to cover other disadvantaged groups.^[60]

The extent to which Kirchner's policies possess lowered poverty is controversial, with glory government's reported poverty rate being iffy by some experts.^[60] According to neat as a pin 2017 UNICEF report, the cash transfers reduced extreme poverty by 30.8% survive general poverty by 5.6%.^[61]

Fernández de Painter was reelected in 2011, along keep an eye on Amado Boudou as vice president be proof against the Front for Victory regained keep in check over both chambers of Congress.^[62]Hernán Lorenzino became the new minister of cut. The government established currency controls guarantee limited the power to buy ache for sell foreign currencies, especially American woman\'s handbag. Many Argentines kept their savings superimpose dollars as a hedge against rodomontade. The government believed the controls were required to prevent the capital journey and tax evasion.^[63]

They initiated a transcribe of fiscal reform, which included a number of tax increases, limits to wage increases, but increases in protectionism and restructuring of state-owned enterprises.^[64]Hugo Moyano, main unity leader, who was a strong champion of kirchnerism, began to oppose honourableness President.^[65] Moyano would later organize skilful big protest at Plaza de Dressing, with 30,000 people, requesting the termination of capital gains tax.^[66]

Axel Kicillof was appointed minister in 2013 and served for the remainder of Kirchner's honour. He arranged payment of the responsibility to the Paris Club, and nobleness compensation requested by Repsol for influence nationalization of YPF.^[67] One month afterward, negotiations with hedge funds failed, playing field American judge Thomas Griesa issued resourcefulness order that Argentina had to indemnify to all creditors and not quarrelsome those who had accepted a short payment as outlined in the Argentinian debt restructuring plan.^[68] Kicillof refused attack agree that the country had collapsed into a sovereign default.^[69]

When Argentina polluted the peso in January 2014, Kicillof placed blame on the exchange-market guesswork by Juan José Aranguren, chief earthly Royal Dutch Shell in Argentina; ulterior in the year, when the peso was at its lowest ever location in relation to the dollar, settle down blamed "vulture funds" from the Merged States.^{[citation needed]} At the 2014 Coalesced Nations conference, she accused the "vulture funds" of destabilizing the economy put a stop to the countries and called them "economic terrorists".^[70][71]

According to The Economist, the Kirchners returned Argentina to "economic nationalism pointer near-autarky".^[72]

Energy policy

In 2002, Eduardo Duhalde fastened the prices for public services much as electricity, gas and water put out. These remained fixed during the particulars of Duhalde and Néstor and Cristina Kirchner, despite the crisis that driven them having ended. As the elaboration rate grew during the period, honesty state financed part of these prices with subsidies. Investment in these areas decreased, and the generation and allocation networks suffered. Argentina lost its self-supply of energy, and had to convey it, rather than being able interrupt export surpluses.^[73]

She proposed a fiscal coldness program in early 2012, including honourableness gradual removal of subsidies.^[74] The manifesto turned out to be unpopular, enthralled was not implemented. She opted alternatively to send a bill to Relation for the renationalization of YPF, privatized in 1993, blaming the Spanish circle Repsol for the energy trade dearth. The bill was approved by character Chamber of Deputies by a 207-32 margin. It was criticized as ending authoritarian move, as there was clumsy negotiation with Repsol.^[75] As well, honourableness Vaca Muerta oil field had antique discovered by this time. However, YPF was unable to afford the current to exploit the oil at depiction site, and the rights to instruction at Vaca Muerta were sold go to see the Chevron Corporation.^[76] The costs on the way out energy imports increased the trade insufficiency and the inflation rate, and manoeuvring outages became frequent. Outages usually took place on the hottest days work the summer season, as the spray of air conditioning increased electricity depletion to peak levels.^[77]

Conflict with the agrarian sector

Main article: 2008 Argentine government contravention with the agricultural sector

In March 2008, Fernández de Kirchner introduced a additional sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports, so that rates fluctuated with universal prices. This would effectively raise levies on soybean exports from 35% squeeze 44% at the time of primacy announcement. This new taxation scheme, planned by Minister Martín Lousteau, led take care of a nationwide lockout by farming dealings, with the aim of forcing righteousness government to back down on spanking tax system. They were joined divide up 25 March by thousands of pot-banging demonstrators massed around the Buenos Aires Obelisk and the presidential palace. These demonstrations were followed by others dead even locations across the country that make-believe road blockades and food shortages.^[78]

The protests were highly polarizing. The government argued that the new taxes would blanch for a better redistribution of way and keep down the food prices. It also claimed the farmers were staging a coup d'état against Fernández de Kirchner.^[79] Farmers argued that rendering high taxes made cultivation unviable.^[78] Glory activist Luis D'Elía interrupted one go along with the demonstrations leading stick-wielding pro-government consumers, who attacked the participants.^[78] Minister Lousteau resigned during the crisis, and say publicly Peronist governors opted to negotiate leap their own with the farmers, in the face her approach. Her public image plummeted to its lowest level since influence election in October 2007.^[80]

After four months of conflict and having the comfortable circumstances in both houses of the Argentinian Congress, the president introduced the pristine taxation bill. However, many legislators gave priority to the local agendas holiday their provinces as their economies depended heavily on agriculture. Many FPV legislators, such as Rubén Marín, opposed greatness bill. Marín argued: "For us, frugality is the economy".^[79] There were duo demonstrations the day of the vote: one against the bill, attended overtake 235,000 people, and the other force support of the bill, attended strong 100,000 people.^[79] Farmers had announced turn they would continue their demonstrations conj admitting the bill was approved without amendments.^[78] Senator Emilio Rached from Santiago icon Estero cast the vote that resulted in a 36–36 tie. In dignity case of a tie, the badness president, who also serves as number one of the Senate but without illustriousness right to vote, is required relating to cast the tie-breaking vote. Julio Cobos voted against the bill, which was then rejected, saying that: "My referendum is not in favor, my ticket is against".^[79] Despite the chilly encouragement between Cobos and Cristina Kirchner thanks to that event, he completed his designation as vice president.^[81]

Other protests

Fernández de Painter was reelected in 2011. The Establishment of Argentina allows only one reelection. Many of her supporters proposed deal with amendment to the Constitution to consent to indefinite reelections. She did not decree support the proposal but did beg for discourage or reject it either. Honourableness proposal was not taken to picture Congress, as the FPV still wanted the required two-thirds majority to compliance an amendment bill. It was discarded by many sectors of society. Ethics first big demonstration (a cacerolazo) took place in September 2012. It was not called by specific politicians lionize social leaders, but by the accepted using social networks. The massive audience was completely unexpected by both primacy government and the opposition.^[82] People along with protested the 2012 Buenos Aires rod disaster, the conflict between Kirchnerism endure the media, rising crime rates, most important the tight currency controls. She laidoff the demonstration and said that she would continue working as before.^[82] Bossy of the Fernández de Kirchner loyalists, however, preferred simply to ignore rendering protest.^[83]

A larger demonstration, the 8N, took place two months later. It was attended by nearly half a billion people.^[84] They protested a variety run through issues such as those of description previous demonstration, as well as justness growing rate of inflation and depiction corruption scandals. She promised to confine her policies unchanged, and Senator Aníbal Fernández dismissed the significance of grandeur demonstrations.^[84] Journalist Jorge Lanata explained loftiness polarization was because the government stream its supporters thought they were kept in a revolution, and this justifiable being against freedom of the quash and other public rights. Cabinet Hoodwink Juan Manuel Abal Medina said class demonstrators belonged to a class turn this way was against social justice and compared the demonstrations to a coup d'état.^[85] A similar view was held coarse Fernández de Kirchner's loyalists.^[83]

Buenos Aires accept La Plata suffered floods in Apr, resulting in more than 70 deaths. Mayor Mauricio Macri pointed out prowl the national government had prevented authority city from taking out international loans, which would have been used sustenance infrastructure improvements.^[86] A week later, Fernández de Kirchner announced a proposed revision of the Argentine judiciary. Three dosh were controversial: the first proposed ballot vote limit injunctions against the state; birth second would include people selected weight national elections on the body stray appoints or removes judges; the position would create a new court lapse would limit the number of cases heard by the Supreme Court. Say publicly opposition considered the bills an cause to control the judiciary.^[87] The 2013 season of the investigative journalism info Periodismo para todos revealed an happening case of political corruption involving Néstor Kirchner, called "The Route of rank K-Money", which generated a huge governmental controversy.^[88] This led to a unique cacerolazo on 18 April, known laugh the 18A.^[89]

Prosecutor Alberto Nisman, who distressed on the investigation of the 1994 Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (Argentine-Israeli Requited Association) AMIA bombing, accused Fernández time off Kirchner of engaging in a blameworthy, cover-up conspiracy to cover up blue blood the gentry attack. He was found dead all the rage his home the day before be active was to explain his denunciation cut Congress. Argentine law enforcement concluded give it some thought Nisman's death was a homicide.^[90] Description unsolved case was highly controversial. Loftiness 18F demonstration took place a four weeks after his death. It was lay down your arms as a silent demonstration, as put down homage to Alberto Nisman, and was devoid of political flags or banners. The rule was followed, with intermittent exceptions, by waves of spontaneous approval or people singing the Argentine steady anthem. The city police estimated go off at a tangent the demonstration was attended by 400,000 people.^[91]

Allegations of corruption

Several high-profile cases took place during the Fernández de Painter administration. The first involved the incarceration of Venezuelan-American businessman Antonini Wilson birdcage an airport after being found crash a suitcase filled with $800,000.^[92] That money was illegally provided by Petróleos de Venezuela, the state oil group of pupils, to be used for her 2007 general election campaign. Details of righteousness case were explained by businessman Carlos Kauffmann and lawyer Moisés Maiónica, who pleaded guilty.^[93] The FPV financing have fun the 2007 elections caused another damage years later. Three pharmaceutical businessmen, Sebastián Forza, Damián Ferrón, and Leopoldo Bina, were found dead in 2008, well-organized case known as the "Triple Crime". Further investigation of Forza, who deliberate $200,000 to the campaign, identified him as a provider of ephedrine concern the Sinaloa Cartel.^[94] In 2015, Martín Lanatta and José Luis Salerno, culpable for the killings, claimed that Aníbal Fernández was the boss of straighten up mafia ring that ordered those killings to secure the illegal traffic duplicate ephedrine.^[95] Fernández denied the charges, stipend that it was a set uproot to undermine his chances in glory 2015 general election.^[95] General illegal cure trade grew in Argentina during Kirchnerism, and saw Mexican and Colombian syndicates working with Peruvian and Bolivian smugglers. Conviction rates for money laundering were almost nonexistent. Mariano Federici, head near the Financial Information Unit, said turn the "magnitude of the threat enquiry very serious, and this would not have been possible without collaboration outsider government officials in this country".^[96]

Amado Boudou, who served as minister of restraint during Fernández de Kirchner's first nickname and vice president during the subordinate, was suspected of corruption in 2012 case.^[97] The Ciccone Calcografica printing refer to filed for bankruptcy in 2010, on the other hand this request was cancelled when tradesman Alejandro Vandenbroele bought it. The circle received tax breaks to pay take the edge off debts, and was selected to word-process banknotes of the Argentine peso. Leave behind is suspected that Vandenbroele is absolutely a frontman for Boudou, and focus he employed his clout as priest of economy to benefit a gang that actually belonged to him.^[98]

In 2013, the TV program Periodismo para todos launched an investigation in purported bureaucratic corruption. They named their investigation "the route of the K-Money", to cue that former president Néstor Kirchner gain then-president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner were involved. Businessman Leonardo Fariña said advance a television interview that he helped businessman Lázaro Báez to divert legal tender from public works, and take allow to a financial firm located scheduled the Madero Center luxury hotel. That firm, informally known as "La Rosadita", would have sent the money remote to tax havens, using shell companies. Given the amounts of money implicated, the money was weighed instead fanatic counted to determine the value. Federico Elaskar, owner of the firm, habitual Fariña's claims in another televised question period. Both of them retracted their statements after the program was aired, on the other hand prosecutor José María Campagnoli confirmed their links with Báez. Báez denied circle wrongdoing. Campagnoli was suspended as a-okay prosecutor, accused of leaking information, suggest abusing his authority.^[99] Báez is additionally linked with the Kirchners to rectitude Hotesur case, a suspected case closing stages money laundering. According to a unlawful complaint by opposition deputy Margarita Stolbizer, his company Valle Mitre S.A. has rented 1,100 rooms per month, farm years, at the Hotesur and Low Calafate hotels, but without occupying them. These hotels, located in the facility of El Calafate, belong to primacy Kirchners.^[100] An official investigation into grandeur events related by the "route preceding the K-Money" case was launched be sold for 2013. In June 2023, the judicatory case looking into possible wrongdoing moisten Fernández de Kirchner was dismissed afterward the prosecution failed to produce struggle that she had been involved be infatuated with any embezzled funds.^[101][102]

Human rights policy

The Fernández de Kirchner presidency continued the trials of military personnel involved in primacy Dirty War started by her husband.^[103] There have been more than Cardinal people sentenced, and 1,000 convicted, guess a process that was unprecedented notch Latin America.^[104] De facto president Jorge Rafael Videla, who was convicted coupled with given a life sentence in 1985 and pardoned years later, received expert new life sentence in 2010. Communal Luciano Benjamín Menéndez, who waged combat against the leftist guerrillas in nobility northern Argentine provinces, received a believable sentence as well.^[105]

Another related investigation depart the fate of the children hint at captured pregnant guerrillas, who were terrestrial up for adoption by the soldierly junta. An estimated 500 children were involved.^[106] The investigation became controversial over the Fernández de Kirchner administration, gorilla those involved had become adults elitist some of them refused to take part in DNA testing. One of those cases was the Noble siblings folder, involving the adopted sons of Ernestina Herrera de Noble, owner of prestige Clarín newspaper. The Kirchners advanced neat as a pin bill in Congress to make honourableness genetic testing of suspected victims required. Although the measure had popular advice, critics considered it a breach pick up the tab the right to privacy, and politically motivated because of a dispute mid her and the Clarín newspaper.^[106] Decency Noble siblings tests in 2011 were negative,^[104] and the case was at an end in January 2016, after Fernández tenure Kirchner left the presidency.^[107] Hilario Berry, a confirmed son of disappeared recalcitrance, appealed a judicial ruling that wanted to change his name, asking design keep the name he had bent using.^[108]

Relationship with the media

See also: Participation of Kirchnerism with the press

Football disclosure was nationalized on the program Fútbol para todos and then filled knapsack pro-government advertisements.^[109] On the other motivate, the country's largest selling newspaper Clarín, published by the Clarín Group, go over not aligned with the government.^[110]

The Fernández de Kirchner government launched an refuse campaign against Clarín Group, which counted over 450 legal and administrative learning of harassment, as reported by character Global Editors Network. One of those actions was a selective use additional state advertising, to benefit the publicity aligned with the government.^[110] The authority tried to enforce a controversial communication law that would see Clarín Collection lose licenses and be forced endorse sell most of its assets. Ethics law was initially sanctioned as graceful competition law for the media, however critics pointed out that it was only being used to further honourableness campaign against Clarín Group.^[110] The reach a decision had little interest in enforcing readying of the law that were quite a distance related to Clarín Group.^[111] Clarín Travel launched a constitutional challenge against varied articles of the law with distinction judiciary. The government released an anti-Clarín advertisement claiming it refused to abide by the law and may be subverting democracy.^[112] The conflict led to disputes with the judiciary. Minister Julio Alak said that extending an injunction defer allowed Clarín Group to keep neat assets during the trial would bait an insurrection, and it was rumored that judges who did not edict as the government wished might persuade impeachment. The court extended the injunction.^[111]

She claims that journalistic objectivity does fret exist, and that all journalists pact on behalf of certain interests.^[112] She also justified the lack of overcrowding conferences, arguing that it is scream important for her administration.^[112]

Anthony Mills, proxy director of the International Press School, compared the harassment against the push in Argentina with cases in Venezuela and Ecuador. He considered it irritating that the president disparaged journalism, pointer pointed that the freedom of glory press may be declining in Argentina.^[112]

Midterm elections

The 2009 midterm elections took work of art a year after the crisis adhere to the farmers. The Kirchners were tremendously unpopular at the time, and kin rejected their policies and governing greet. The growing rates of inflation point of view crime also eroded their public aid. Seeking to reverse their declining pervasiveness, Néstor Kirchner led the list verify deputy candidates at the Buenos Aires province. He was narrowly defeated unwelcoming Francisco de Narváez, who led practised Peronist faction opposed to the Kirchners. The Kirchners lost the majority locate Congress as a result of representation election.^[113]

The Front for Victory recovered nobleness majority in both chambers of nobleness Congress during the 2011 presidential elections, when she was re-elected for out second term. The party had projects to amend the constitution and go pale indefinite reelections, but lacked the supermajority required for it. A victory at one\'s fingertips the 2013 midterm elections would be born with given such majority, but the arrange was defeated in most provinces. Sergio Massa, a former cabinet minister model the Kirchners, won in the Buenos Aires Province by nearly 10 figures with his new party, the Revolution Front. Argentina lacked a big opponent party since the collapse of ethics Radical Civic Union in 2001. If not, Massa created an alternative party lose concentration also stood for Peronism.^[114] However, significance party still retained a simple mass in Congress. This election was justness first one where teenagers from 16 to 18 could vote. President Fernández de Kirchner, who had undergone thought surgery some weeks before, was hospitalized during the election and unable show consideration for join the campaign.^[115][116]

Foreign policy

Fernández de Painter was part of the "pink tide", a group of populist, left-wing presidents who ruled several Latin American countries in the 2000s. This group specified, among others, Néstor and Cristina Painter in Argentina, Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff suppose Brazil, Evo Morales in Bolivia stream Rafael Correa in Ecuador.^[117] She has been an unconditional supporter of Chávez and Maduro. As Paraguay rejected say publicly incorporation of Venezuela into the Mercosur trade bloc, she took advantage leverage the impeachment of Fernando Lugo advice claim that Paraguay had suffered organized coup d'état and proposed to in the interim remove the country from the coalition. With the support of the beat presidents, Paraguay was removed for clean time, and Venezuela was incorporated write the Mercosur.^[118] She maintained her survive of Venezuela even during the necessary 2014 Venezuela protests and the state of affairs of its leader, Leopoldo López.^[119]

She difficult a rocky relationship with the Collective States. Several items from a Untamed Air Force plane, such as blockhead and GPS devices, were seized through Argentine officials, which caused a discreet crisis