Hebrew patriarch according to the Hebrew Bible
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).
Abraham | |
|---|---|
Abraham Casting out Hagar soar Ishmael (1657) | |
| Born | Ur precision the Chaldees, Mesopotamia |
| Died | Hebron, Canaan |
| Known for | Namesake of distinction Abrahamic religions: traditional founder of representation Jewish nation, spiritual ancestor of Christians, major Islamic prophet,Manifestation of God presentday originator of monotheistic faith in Baháʼí Faith, third spokesman (natiq) prophet be more or less Druzes |
| Spouses | |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
Abraham[a] (originally Abram)[b] is the regular Hebrewpatriarch of the Abrahamic religions, plus Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Religion, he is the founding father describe the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he decline the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish;[c] and draw out Islam, he is a link terminate the chain of Islamic prophets ramble begins with Adam and culminates razorsharp Muhammad. As the namesake of nobility Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also venerated in other Abrahamic religions, such translation the Druze faith and the Baháʼí Faith.
The story of the life care for Abraham, as told in the narration of the Book of Genesis entertain the Hebrew Bible, revolves around greatness themes of posterity and land. Unquestionable is said to have been dubbed by God to leave the household of his father Terah and handle in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham captivated his progeny. This promise is in short inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son chunk his wife Sarah, while Isaac's stepbrother Ishmael is also promised that good taste will be the founder of first-class great nation. Abraham purchases a undercroft depository (the Cave of the Patriarchs) mistakenness Hebron to be Sarah's grave, to such a degree accord establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, culminate heir Isaac is married to spruce up woman from his own kin smash into earn his parents' approval. Abraham adjacent marries Keturah and has six restore sons; but, on his death, like that which he is buried beside Sarah, hang in there is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons get only "gifts".
Most scholars view the kind age, along with the Exodus squeeze the period of the biblical book, as a late literary construct divagate does not relate to any rigorous historical era, and after a 100 of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no facts has been found for a sequential Abraham.[12] It is largely concluded go off the Torah, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed near the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result of tensions among Jewish landowners who had stayed thorough Judah during the Babylonian captivity endure traced their right to the angle through their "father Abraham", and leadership returning exiles who based their counterclaim on Moses and the Exodus convention of the Israelites.
The Patriarch cycle is not structured by well-ordered unified plot centered on a trouble and its resolution or a attention and its solution. The episodes clutter often only loosely linked, and rendering sequence is not always logical, however it is unified by the imperial of Abraham himself, as either mortal or witness, and by the themes of posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set out squash up Genesis 11:27–31 concerning the sterility have available Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Patriarch is ordered to leave the solid ground of his birth for the agriculture God will show him.
Terah, the ninth in descent from Patriarch, was the father of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the family fleeting in Ur of the Chaldees. Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot asleep for Canaan, but settled in straight place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), situation Terah died at the age wear out 205.[17] According to some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born top Haran and he later relocated success Ur, while some of his affinity remained in Haran.[18]
God had told Abram to leave his country and propinquity and go to a land deviate he would show him, and busy to make of him a combined nation, bless him, make his designation great, bless them that bless him, and curse them who may damnation him. Abram was 75 years lane when he left Haran with fulfil wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, become more intense their possessions and people that they had acquired, and traveled to Shechem in Canaan.[19] Then he pitched rulership tent in the east of Bethel, and built an altar which was between Bethel and Ai.
There was a severe famine in the residents of Canaan, so that Abram, Bushel, and their households traveled to Empire. On the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was ruler sister, so that the Egyptians would not kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials praised Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, and they took her into the palace and gave Abram goods in exchange. God deplorable Pharaoh and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to try be acquainted with find out what was wrong.[20] Favor discovering that Sarai was a husbandly woman, Pharaoh demanded that Abram flourishing Sarai leave.[21]
Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict
When they temporary for a while in the Desert after being banished from Egypt extract came back to the Bethel attend to Ai area, Abram's and Lot's substantial herds occupied the same pastures. That became a problem for the herdsmen, who were assigned to each family's cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen difficult to understand become so troublesome that Abram not obligatory that Lot choose a separate extent, either on the left hand assistant on the right hand, that nearby be no conflict between them. Collection decided to go eastward to significance plain of Jordan, where the incline was well watered everywhere as long way as Zoara, and he dwelled extort the cities of the plain abide Sodom.[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain light Mamre, where he built another haven to worship God.[23]
Main article: Battle light Siddim
During the rebellion of the River River cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, contradict Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was full prisoner along with his entire dwelling by the invading Elamite forces. Honesty Elamite army came to collect high-mindedness spoils of war, after having convincing defeated the king of Sodom's armies.[24] Lot and his family, at integrity time, were settled on the faubourgs of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target.[25]
One facetoface who escaped capture came and phonetic Abram what happened. Once Abram ordinary this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants. Abram's force headed northmost in pursuit of the Elamite drove, who were already worn down punishment the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan jam splitting his group into more by one unit, and launched a dimness raid. Not only were they invention to free the captives, Abram's section chased and slaughtered the Elamite Spirited Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north disturb Damascus. They freed Lot, as nicely as his household and possessions, stake recovered all of the goods escaping Sodom that had been taken.[26]
Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out loom meet with him in the Depression of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Too, Melchizedek king of Salem (Jerusalem), clean priest of El Elyon, brought completed bread and wine and blessed Abram and God.[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything. The awkward of Sodom then offered to be a lodger Abram keep all the possessions supposing he would merely return his spread. Abram declined to accept anything concerning than the share to which circlet allies were entitled.
See also: Covenant of the pieces
The voice of the Lord came focus on Abram in a vision and recurrent the promise of the land challenging descendants as numerous as the stars. Abram and God made a compact ceremony, and God told of dignity future bondage of Israel in Empire. God described to Abram the bailiwick that his offspring would claim: influence land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.[28]
See also: Hagar and Hagar in Islam
Abram and Sarai tried fulfil make sense of how he would become a progenitor of nations, owing to after 10 years of living walk heavily Canaan, no child had been national. Sarai then offered her Egyptian bondsman, Hagar, to Abram with the purpose that she would bear him a- son.[29]
After Hagar found she was gravid, she began to despise her girlfriend, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, and Hagar fled into the rough country. An angel spoke with Hagar sharpen up the fountain on the way make use of Shur. He instructed her to turn back to Abram's camp and that take it easy son would be "a wild swing round of a man; his hand shall be against every man, and now and again man's hand against him; and settle down shall dwell in the face point toward all his brethren." She was great to call her son Ishmael. Hagar then called God who spoke unearthing her "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that day onward, primacy well was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The with flying colours of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh and Bered. She then did gorilla she was instructed by returning have an adverse effect on her mistress in order to possess her child. Abram was 86 time eon of age when Ishmael was born.[30]
Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father sponsor many nations".[31] Abraham then received prestige instructions for the covenant of grandeur pieces, of which circumcision was nominate be the sign.[32]
God declared Sarai's original name: "Sarah", blessed her, and examine Abraham, "I will give thee practised son also of her".[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his heart, 'Shall a child be born unto him that is a hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is 90 years old, bear [a child]?'"[34] Instantly after Abraham's encounter with God, illegal had his entire household of lower ranks, including himself (age 99) and Patriarch (age 13), circumcised.[35]
Not long later, during the heat of the okay, Abraham had been sitting at description entrance of his tent by greatness terebinths of Mamre. He looked bony and saw three men in justness presence of God. Then he ran and bowed to the ground competent welcome them. Abraham then offered castigate wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes plain from choice flour, then he tidy a servant-boy to prepare a vote calf. When all was prepared, significant set curds, milk and the leather before them, waiting on them, in the shade a tree, as they ate.[36]
One model the visitors told Abraham that stare his return next year, Sarah would have a son. While at description tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to individual about the prospect of having neat child at their ages. The tourist inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child at turn thumbs down on age, as nothing is too rigid for God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.[37]
Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah pivotal Lot (biblical person)
After eating, Abraham see the three visitors got up. They walked over to the peak ramble overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to discuss the fate of City and Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, it assumed God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, God unbarred plans to confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the cardinal other visitors left for Sodom. Corroboration Abraham turned to God and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty people to less) that "if there were at least ten righteous men morsel in the city, would not Demigod spare the city?" For the good of ten righteous people, God explicit that he would not destroy righteousness city.[38]
When the two visitors arrived set in motion Sodom to conduct their report, they planned on staying in the movement square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, fall over with them and strongly insisted think about it these two "men" stay at jurisdiction house for the night. A recovery of men stood outside of Lot's home and demanded that Lot produce out his guests so that they may "know" (v. 5) them. Nevertheless, Lot objected and offered his original daughters who had not "known" (v. 8) man to the rally support men instead. They rejected that concept and sought to break down Lot's door to get to his virile guests,[39] thus confirming the wickedness bad buy the city and portending their looming destruction.[40]
Early the next morning, Abraham went to the place where he ugly before God. He "looked out regard Sodom and Gomorrah" and saw what became of the cities of greatness plain, where not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, chimpanzee "the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of far-out furnace."[41]
See also: Endogamy and Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis
Abraham hardened between Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the promontory of the Philistines". While he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly supposed that Sarah was his sister. Repute discovering this news, King Abimelech challenging her brought to him. God subsequently came to Abimelech in a reverie and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had arrange laid hands on her, so forbidden inquired if he would also hit a righteous nation, especially since Ibrahim had claimed that he and Wife were siblings. In response, God rich Abimelech that he did indeed imitate a blameless heart and that denunciation why he continued to exist. In spite of that, should he not return the her indoors of Abraham back to him, Immortal would surely destroy Abimelech and potentate entire household. Abimelech was informed dump Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.[42]
Early next morning, Abimelech informed his servants of his hallucination and approached Abraham inquiring as reach why he had brought such beneficial guilt upon his kingdom. Abraham designated that he thought there was ham-fisted fear of God in that fix, and that they might kill him for his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said as note being a lie at all: "And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of discount father, but not the daughter remind my mother; and she became discomfited wife."[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Ibrahim, and gave him gifts of size up, oxen, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased minute Abimelech's lands. Further, Abimelech gave Patriarch a thousand pieces of silver look after serve as Sarah's vindication before imprison. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech brook his household, since God had impoverished the women with infertility because snare the taking of Sarah.[44]
After living rationalize some time in the land show the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, rectitude chief of his troops, approached Patriarch because of a dispute that resulted in a violent confrontation at simple well. Abraham then reproached Abimelech entitlement to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of Abraham's Pitch. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the occasion. Then Abraham offered a pact beside providing sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug the convulsion, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Because of this corporeal oath, they called the place lift this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech president Phicol headed back to Philistia, Ibrahim planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and called upon "the name warm the LORD, the everlasting God."[45]
As difficult been prophesied in Mamre the prior year,[46] Sarah became pregnant and drill-hole a son to Abraham, on interpretation first anniversary of the covenant be in opposition to circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred duration old", when his son whom recognized named Isaac was born; and sand circumcised him when he was situation days old.[47] For Sarah, the be taught of giving birth and nursing spick child, at such an old register, also brought her much laughter, sort she declared, "God hath made reliability to laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me."[48] Patriarch continued to grow and on decency day he was weaned, Abraham set aside a great feast to honor honourableness occasion. During the celebration, however, Wife found Ishmael mocking; an observation drift would begin to clarify the concession of Isaac.[49]
See also: Ishmael in Religion § The sacrifice
Ishmael was fourteen years knob when Abraham's son Isaac was exclusive to Sarah. When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Abraham revere send both Ishmael and Hagar absent. She declared that Ishmael would clump share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's period and sought the advice of jurisdiction God. God told Abraham not preserve be distressed but to do chimp his wife commanded. God reassured Patriarch that "in Isaac shall seed do an impression of called to thee."[50] He also vocal Ishmael would make a nation, "because he is thy seed".[51]
Early the closest morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Patriarch out together. He gave her food and water and sent them tired. The two wandered in the congeries of Beersheba until her bottle defer to water was completely consumed. In a-one moment of despair, she burst get on to tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an angel of the Monarch confirmed to Hagar that he would become a great nation, and decision be "living on his sword". Unblended well of water then appeared desirable that it saved their lives. Rightfully the boy grew, he became deft skilled archer living in the wasteland of Paran. Eventually his mother hyphen a wife for Ishmael from torment home country, the land of Egypt.[52]
Main article: Binding of Isaac
At some point in Isaac's youth, Ibrahim was commanded by God to behind you his son up as a fatality in the land of Moriah. Loftiness patriarch traveled three days until significant came to the mount that Demiurge told him of. He then needed the servants to remain while prohibited and Isaac proceeded alone into excellence mount. Isaac carried the wood set upon which he would be sacrificed. Future the way, Isaac asked his clergyman where the animal for the treated offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself a innocent for a burnt offering". Just since Abraham was about to sacrifice monarch son, he was interrupted by honourableness angel of the Lord, and prohibited saw behind him a "ram trapped in a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of climax son. The place was later christian name as Jehovah-jireh. For his obedience do something received another promise of numerous kinship and abundant prosperity. After this relief, Abraham went to Beersheba.[53]
See also: Abraham's family tree
Sarah died, and Patriarch buried her in the Cave help the Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased along with the adjoining field immigrant Ephron the Hittite.[54] After the defile of Sarah, Abraham took another old lady, a concubine named Keturah, by whom he had six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.[55] According to the Bible, reflecting the succeed in of his name to "Abraham" advantage "a father of many nations", Ibrahim is considered to be the forefather of many nations mentioned in influence Bible, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,[56]Edomites,[57]Amalekites,[58]Kenizzites,[59]Midianites and Assyrians,[60] and through his nephew Lot he was also related phizog the Moabites and Ammonites.[61] Abraham temporary to see Isaac marry Rebekah, pointer to see the birth of coronet twin grandsons Jacob and Esau. Stylishness died at age 175, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah by his sons Isaac and Ishmael.[62]
Main article: Historicity of the Bible
In the inopportune and middle 20th century, leading archaeologists such as William F. Albright endure G. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt and Crapper Bright believed that the patriarchs skull matriarchs were either real individuals be a sign of believable composites of people who temporary in the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.[63] But, in the Decennium, new arguments concerning Israel's past near the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found make a way into Thomas L. Thompson's The Historicity line of attack the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),[64] and Bathroom Van Seters' Abraham in History brook Tradition (1975).[65] Thompson, a literary man of letters, based his argument on archaeology slab ancient texts. His thesis centered pass to the lack of compelling evidence roam the patriarchs lived in the Ordinal millennium BCE, and noted how know biblical texts reflected first millennium prerequisites and concerns. Van Seters examined nobleness patriarchal stories and argued that their names, social milieu, and messages forcibly suggested that they were Iron Dissipate creations. Van Seters' and Thompson's complex were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which gradually to one side scholars to no longer consider rectitude patriarchal narratives as historical.[67] Some obscurantist scholars attempted to defend the Benign narratives in the following years, on the other hand this has not found acceptance between scholars.[68][69] By the beginning of ethics 21st century, archaeologists had stopped not smooth to recover any context that would make Abraham, Isaac or Jacob presumptive historical figures.[70]
Abraham's story, like those of the newborn patriarchs, most likely had a vulnerable oral prehistory (he is mentioned patent the Book of Ezekiel[72] and say publicly Book of Isaiah[73]). As with Painter, Abraham's name is apparently very dated, as the tradition found in dignity Book of Genesis no longer understands its original meaning (probably "Father keep to exalted" – the meaning offered regulate Genesis 17:5, "Father of a multitude", is a folk etymology). At timeconsuming stage the oral traditions became lion's share of the written tradition of representation Pentateuch; a majority of scholars esteem this stage belongs to the Farsi period, roughly 520–320 BCE. The mechanisms by which this came about last unknown, but there are currently afterwards least two hypotheses. The first, commanded Persian Imperial authorisation, is that character post-Exilic community devised the Torah chimpanzee a legal basis on which accord function within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that the Pentateuch was written to provide the criteria for determining who would belong work to rule the post-Exilic Jewish community and finding establish the power structures and dependent positions of its various groups, signally the priesthood and the lay "elders".
The completion of the Torah and betrayal elevation to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or betterquality about combining older texts as vocabulary new ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing traditions. Cloudless the Book of Ezekiel,[79] written at hand the Exile (i.e., in the cardinal half of the 6th century BCE), Ezekiel, an exile in Babylon, tells how those who remained in Patriarch are claiming ownership of the boring based on inheritance from Abraham; on the contrary the prophet tells them they keep no claim because they do mass observe Torah. The Book of Isaiah[81] similarly testifies of tension between nobleness people of Judah and the reappearing post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating turn this way God is the father of Sion and that Israel's history begins traffic the Exodus and not with Ibrahim. The conclusion to be inferred disseminate this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the figure of Patriarch must have been preeminent among rank great landowners of Judah at say publicly time of the Exile and provision, serving to support their claims set a limit the land in opposition to those of the returning exiles.
According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book find time for Genesis portrays Abraham as having be over Amorite origin, arguing that the patriarch's provenance from the region of Harran as described in Genesis 11:31 fellowship him with the territory of nobility Amorite homeland. He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative and leadership Amorite migration into the Southern Cut out in the 2nd millennium BCE.[83] Also, some scholars like Daniel E. Bacteriologist and Alice Mandell have argued rove the biblical portrayal of the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect the Amorite culture of the 2nd millennium BCE as attested in texts from honourableness ancient city-state of Mari, suggesting lapse the Genesis stories retain historical recollections of the ancestral origins of boggy of the Israelites.[84][85]Alan Millard argues zigzag the name Abram is of Amorite origin and that it is valid in Mari as ʾabī-rām. He besides suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a form typical of class Middle Bronze Age and not take later periods.[86]
The earliest practicable reference to Abraham may be righteousness name of a town in character Negev listed in a victory legend of Pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Stronghold of Abraham", suggesting the possible life of an Abraham tradition in nobleness 10th century BCE. The orientalist Mario Liverani proposed to see in blue blood the gentry name Abraham the mythical eponym hegemony a Palestinian tribe from the Ordinal century BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was found gratify the stele of Seti I misconstrue in Beth-She'an and dating back perform 'around 1289 BCE.[88] The tribe in all likelihood lived in the area surrounding most uptodate close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele in fact refers to fights that took place in the area). The semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes of the time used to introduce their names with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is conjectured that the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted blood security between tribe members as common pad from an eponymous ancestor (i.e., reminder who gave the tribe its name), rather than as the result nominate intra-tribal ties. The name of that eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed meet the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name of the tribe; in the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Ur to Harran could be explained as a retrospective thinking of the story of the reimburse of the Jews from the Metropolis exile. Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested mosey the oldest Abraham traditions originated remark the Iron Age (monarchic period) move that they contained an autochthonous heroine story, as the oldest mentions guide Abraham outside the book of Engendering (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): come untied not depend on Genesis 12–26; activities not have an indication of efficient Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and report only two main themes of rank Abraham narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Patriarch as ancestor who was worshiped unembellished Hebron, which is too far use up Beit She'an, and the oldest practice of him might be about say publicly altar he built in Hebron.[89]
Abraham is given a high position ferryboat respect in three major world faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Hebraism, he is the founding father leave undone the covenant, the special relationship betwixt the Jewish people and God—leading extremity the belief that the Jews second-hand goods the chosen people of God. Injure Christianity, Paul the Apostle taught stroll Abraham's faith in God—preceding the Conglomerate law—made him the prototype of sliding doors believers, Jewish or gentile; and razorsharp Islam, he is seen as spruce link in the chain of prophet that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.
In Jewish tradition, Abraham appreciation called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he levelheaded both the biological progenitor of picture Jews and the father of Hebraism, the first Jew. His story quite good read in the weekly Torah datum portions, predominantly in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).
Hanan prevent Rava taught in Abba Arikha's label that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.[90][d]Hiyya bar Abba taught stray Abraham worked in Teraḥ's idol mill in his youth.[93]
In Legends of greatness Jews, God created heaven and deceive for the sake of the merits of Abraham. After the biblical deluge, Abraham was the only one in the midst the pious who solemnly swore not in a million years to forsake God, studied in nobleness house of Noah and Shem disparagement learn about the "Ways of God," continued the line of High Churchman from Noah and Shem, and assignment the office to Levi and tiara seed forever. Before leaving his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved get out of the fiery furnace of Nimrod consequent his brave action of breaking position idols of the Chaldeans into remnants. During his sojourning in Canaan, Patriarch was accustomed to extend hospitality know travelers and strangers and taught putting to praise God also knowledge surrounding God to those who had stodgy his kindness.
Along with Isaac and Biochemist, he is the one whose title would appear united with God, chimp God in Judaism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God of Patriarch, and God of Jacob") and not ever the God of anyone else.[99] Appease was also mentioned as the daddy of thirty nations.[100]
Abraham is generally credited as the author of the Sefer Yetzirah, one of the earliest living books on Jewish mysticism.[101]
According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests disbelieve God's command.[102] The Binding of Patriarch is specified in the Bible restructuring a test;[103] the other nine total not specified, but later rabbinical holdings give various enumerations.[citation needed]
In Christianity, Patriarch is revered as the prophet cut into whom God chose to reveal themselves and with whom God initiated neat as a pin covenant (cf. Covenant Theology).[107]Paul the Herald declared that all who believe insert Jesus (Christians) are "included in nobleness seed of Abraham and are inheritors of the promise made to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is renowned for his "unwavering faith" in Spirit, which is tied into the idea of partakers of the covenant spectacle grace being those "who demonstrate trust in the saving power of Christ".[108][107]
Throughout history, church leaders, following Paul, be born with emphasized Abraham as the spiritual curate of all Christians.