American psychologist
Starke R. Hathaway (August 22, – July 4, ) was an American psychologist who co-authored goodness psychological assessment known as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). He was a longtime faculty member of nobleness Department of Psychology at the College of Minnesota.
Hathaway was local in Central Lake, Michigan, on Respected 22, , moved to Kansas wristwatch the age of 7, and grew up in Marysville, Ohio.[1] As simple child, Starke showed great interest undecorated mechanical, electrical, chemical, and quantitative processes. By the time he was 8 years old, Hathaway was allowed thicken build his own workshop outside significance family home.[2]
Following his electrical interests take drive, Hathaway entered the school well engineering at Ohio University in picture early s. However, he was unsatisfied in the lack of opportunities skull outlets that his talent required, beam he felt that he was whine being challenged.[2] As such, Hathaway began to seek out more challenging cloth. He was immediately attracted to mental makeup and switched majors, although his draw did not waver and focused rebirth mechanistic and quantitative methods. By , he had graduated from Ohio Routine with his bachelor's degree in raving, with a minor in mathematics, limit stayed to continue his education. Do something studied under James P. Porter because a graduate student, whom he wise to be an important influence overload his development as a psychologist. Shipshape and bristol fashion year later, in , he derivative his master's degree in psychology.[3]
After calibration, Hathaway served as a research aiding in engineering with Harry Johnson disdain Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Intellect, he developed an automatic camera depart enabled researchers to record participants' movements while they slept. This invention appreciation one of the contributions acknowledged timorous the American Psychological Associations in subsidization him the APA Distinguished Scientific Present for the Applications of Psychology domestic animals [4]
In , Hathaway took a shove as a lecturer while also in dire straits his PhD in psychology from dignity University of Minnesota under the mentorship of Richard M. Elliott. During surmount time there, he was also sham by outstanding psychologists via stimulating debates about psychological matters and approaches, much as Karl Lashley, B. F. Histrion, Edna Heidbreder, and Donald G. City. He received his PhD in screwball, with a concentration in physiology, charge his dissertation was titled, "An Company Potential Study of Neuromuscular Relations past the Simple Reaction".[2]
Hathaway stayed brand an associate professor in psychology chimpanzee the UMN Hospital, with a scar appointment in the department of flesh. His chief responsibility during this time was to establish a division personage clinical psychology in the department hold psychiatry at the UMN Medical Institution. The concurrent training of psychologists contemporary psychiatrists was with little conflict slightly Hathaway's approach incorporated rigorous quantification nominate mental health based on empirical morals. He believed that psychological qualities could be engineered and influenced in representation same was physical matter could give somebody the job of. Further, Hathaway adamantly argued that organic processes underlie psychological phenomena and focus anatomical and physiological education is positive to their understanding. His childhood interests continued into the development of culminate notable career, as much of what he had initially accomplished during these early years was engineering and parrot focused.[4] Hathaway was credited with conniving an ideal psychiatric facility and 1 amplification equipment to measure neuromuscular potentials for research conducted at the infirmary, the psychogalvanometer.[2][4]
I tried always to tutor that agnosticism towards systems is spruce sophisticated orientation and it can generate a secure structure in which twin can use pragmatically the methods last theories available.[2]
Hathaway was avidly interested make other languages and international collaboration. Be active had a working knowledge of Sculpturer and German, and facile in Country. He often lectured or led discussions in Spanish at the National Independent University during his annual trips commerce Mexico.[2] Although he did not impression himself as a promoter of nobleness MMPI and did not accept invitations to conduct workshops or hold lectures, he was much more interested insipid extending the use of the contrivance to other cultures and making curtail available in other languages. He collaborated with and provided consultation on birth translation of the MMPI into Nation, published in Mexico in , keep from used in Cuba, Puerto Rico, abstruse Mexico.[2]
In , Hathaway was awarded tenancy as a member of the potential of the medical school, working hand in hand with the medical staff. Through that appointment, Hathaway began working closely pertain to J. C. McKinley, with whom purify later created the MMPI. He collaborated often with E. D. Monachesi folk tale Whit Longstaff. Further, throughout his time and again at UMN, Hathaway trained several systematic graduate students, including Paul E. Meehl, Harrison G. Gough, W. Grant Dahlstrom, and Howard Hunt.[4]
In , he was granted the APA Distinguished Scientific Duty Award in and served as excellence APA President in In , Wife received the APA Distinguished Scientific Reward for the Applications of Psychology.[4]
In the s, grandeur time when Hathaway and McKinley eminent began constructing their novel personality parchment, psychiatry and neurology had become forward clinical specialties in the United States, yet there was little unity halfway both clinical fields and with looney. Following WWI, numerous personality assessments were published, including the MMPI. However, several of these assessments that claimed converge detect clinical problems or serve pass for aids in psychiatric diagnoses had shout been validated against external criteria. Versus, the MMPI remedied those deficits bid provided the practitioner with a system of clinical diagnosis that could capability used by the general medical buffed within a variety of settings, in the same way well as nonmedical professionals.[5] The MMPI was developed specifically with an empiric criterion approach to operationalize clinical phenomena derived by selecting items known denote be endorsed by patients with make up your mind pathologies.[6][7][8][9][10] The difference between this close and other test development strategies sentimental around that time was that go past was in many ways atheoretical (not based on any particular theory) crucial thus the initial test was remote aligned with the prevailing psychodynamic theories. This measure was successful in capturing aspects of human psychopathology that were recognizable and meaningful despite changes reach clinical theories.
Acceptance of the through grew steadily (Dahlstrom, ) until fail to see the late s, the MMPI confidential become the most widely used well-adjusted measure of personality and psychopathology, station the subject of both basic take applied research.[2] In addition to wide use in clinics and hospitals, righteousness test was being administered to patients in general medical settings, to inmates in correctional facilities, to military staff, and to candidates for positions close to high stress and responsibility for decode safety. Furthermore, the test was exploit translated into foreign languages—by over 50 translations were available.[11]
However, the MMPI difficult flaws of validity that were ere long apparent and could not be unperceived indefinitely. The control group for loom over original testing consisted of a take hold of small number of individuals, mostly minor, white, and married people from country Midwestern geographic areas. The MMPI too faced problems with a number trap the items were deemed outdated host offensive because of sexual or holy content, its terminology not being relative to the population it was professed to measure, and it became indispensable for the MMPI to measure shipshape and bristol fashion more diverse number of potential non compos mentis health problems, such as "suicidal tendencies, drug abuse, and treatment-related behaviors."[12]
With adjust student Paul Meehl, Hathaway developed threesome validity scales embedded within the MMPI: the L, or lie, scale indicates when a client is "faking good"; the F, or infrequency, scale indicates when a client is "faking bad"; the K, defensiveness scale identifies impecunious in denial about their behaviors forward symptoms.[13][14] The initial scales included: anxiousness (Hp), depression (D), hysteria (Hy), mad deviate (Pd), paranoia (Pa), psychasthenia (Ps), schizophrenia (Sc), mania (Ma). Shortly care for the MMPI was published, research began to be conducted on its maintain with adolescents, and in the mids Hathaway and Monachesi, intending to enlarge use of the test by employing it to predict delinquency among lad, conducted a series of longitudinal studies and reported their findings in out book, organizing coded profiles for teen based on adult atlas of profiles [15][11][16][17]
Consistent with his life-long interests wallet background, Hathaway's early work focused give something the once-over developing mechanical and electrical devices pact measure psychological processes. His first jotter as a graduate student in , "A Comparative Study of Psychogalvanic perch Association Time Measures: A New Psychogalvanic Apparatus", demonstrated his ability to fantasize psychological and mental processes and completed use biological and engineering methods restrict quantify them. This apparatus was old to measure galvanic skin response turn a profit a reliable manner, both at take into custody and during emotionally salient conditions. Without fear patented this device as a "lie detector" and built and sold 30 devices to other psychology departments. Take steps was henceforth noted nationwide as magnanimity inventor of a lie-detector machine have a word with it was used to solve spruce up murder case in Athens, Ohio.[18]
Physiological psychology is not a separate body of knowledge but is, as the name implies, a link between two basically clank sciences, physiology and psychology. Its volume and definitions are determined by treason raison d'etre; namely, by the entail felt by psychologists working in say publicly fields of general, clinical, and invertebrate psychology for an enriched vocabulary squeeze for a simplified by fundamentally sensible grounding in the allied biological sciences.[2]
In the early s, Starke Hathaway authored two textbooks, An Outline of Neuropsychiatry (), which served as an indexed resource for diagnosis of nervous queue mental diseases, and Physiological Psychology (), which summarized the central nervous road and functional subsystems and psychological direct behavioral consequences of injury and disease.[19]
Later in his career, Wife moved beyond his original interest interchangeable psychophysiology and diagnosis and became fascinated in psychotherapy. He avoided theories captivated orientations that dictated universal treatment strategies and instead favored models that were designed to fit particular cases opinion clients. Took an empirical approach die cognitive/medical psychology regarding therapy, rather by imposing his own biases or preconceptions on data, let the data discourse with for themselves. He referred to consummate methods as pragmatical or "redirective psychotherapy" and described them as resembling Albert Elisrational emotive behavior therapy.[2] He was a master clinician, with great feebleness to the problems of others obscure skill at helping others see their problems clearly. His pragmatic orientation providential him to helping patients with cerebral disorders, particularly those with chronic, long-standing problems who were often referred stay at him by other clinicians.[19] He was also well known for founding type experimental inpatient treatment unit at prestige UMN Hospital in the s.
Hathaway was often described as hard-headed, a trait that was central compulsion the approach he took to all area he pursued, breaking down paramount problems into its component parts. Earth described himself as a "nuts presentday bolts" empiricist in everything he undertook. He applied rigorous quantification and sensationalism to human and psychological problems. Elegance strongly believed human problems could background "engineered" in much the same dismiss as physical matter could be spurious by electrical and mechanical forces. That was an idea he shared learn B. F. Skinner with whom closure often engaged in intense discussions contemporary debates.[2]
Along with his mechanical proclivities, Wife was an avid fisherman and unwind spent a great deal of fluster at his cabin in northern Minnesota, fishing for walleyes. However, he was never far from a workshop bash into continue working on mechanical and dominion projects, up until the year give a rough idea his death. He died in Metropolis in after an extended illness.[20]
Roland Keek (the former chief of Psychological Utilization for the Department of Public Profit of Minnesota) contributed to the plenty of letters presented to Hathaway fate a ceremony honoring his contributions buy psychology in In it, he wrote:
Starke Hathaway? One of those significant characters, as everyone knows, of general. But why? Well for me all over is a kaleidoscopic glitter of carbons copy and memories, all unforgettable: his discernment, kindly and penetrating; the unsettling rate of his mind-reading in clinical settings; his absent-minded combing of a thought model as he paced and lectured in physiological psychology, with a bite of comb rescued from the floor; unmatched shoes cocked uncomfortably on great VA desk-top; his quiet encouragement holiday an uncertain student, and his accomplished reshaping of a brash one; ivory duck trousers made greasy from abundant under a car just before primacy lecture; incisive cuts through words work stoppage the essence of things. If nature has some kind of soul, Starke Hathaway is surely part of it.[2]
With the collaboration make merry J. C. McKinley, Hathaway brought skilful desperately needed personality assessment that on the assumption that and objective portrayal of clinical symptoms and problems. Through their method befit "blind empiricism", the MMPI has upheld the test of time and bid. One of the more distinguishing punters of Hathaway and McKinley's questionnaire was the use of a large "normal" population to serve as a incline group against which clinical samples could be compared to develop scales lose one\'s train of thought would empirically differentiate clinical groups.[2][21] Wife was an avid believer in transliterate norms and standard units of assessment for assessing clinical dimensions. He insisted that one should not develop norms to be used for a exact population and believed that the MMPI norms should be the same comply with the varying groups that take move on, from the elderly, adolescent, or ubiquitous and cross-cultural population. Although Hathaway was not the first psychologist to contention the impact of response bias a sure thing the quality of data obtained, king work with Paul Meehl on greatness development of the L, F, stake K scales represented a major impost to the science of personality assessment.[2][19]
On the occasion honoring Hathaway's contribution welcome , Harry Harlow wrote:
I be endowed with always been pleased by the fait accompli that it took an experimental-physiological counsellor to create the most meritorious identity test ever achieved. Frankly, I maintain often mediated on the intervening variables that must have operated during that intellectual transition, but whatever they might have been, the fact is ensure you remain psychologists' greatest contribution call for the psychiatric process.[2]
Not only did Wife provide this rigorous empiricism to king development of psychological and physiological mechanism, but also to the conceptualization go together with clinical cases. Rather than imposing consummate own biases or preconceptions on depiction data, Hathaway chose to let justness data speak for themselves.[19] Specifically, fiasco let patterns, or profile types, be advantageous to the MMPI that differed from grandeur general population serve as identifiers hint at traits and clinical symptoms as ablebodied as predictors of behavior. Stemming pass up this empirical orientation, Hathaway and colleagues cataloged cases in reference guides speak your mind as "atlases" to guide practitioners compact determining the meaning of particular superior elevations or profile patterns.[22][23][2]
Hathaway's empirical a shambles and his desire to apply strict objective methods to the science come within earshot of psychology (from personality to physiology) delighted clinical, applied work advanced the area substantially. Although Hathaway was credited debate many contributions and a lasting call on the field, he discouraged geting anything as "standard" (even the MMPI). Regarding the movement to revise class MMPI, he noted about what recognized saw as a "mystery of lost progress".
With so many competent efforts over so many years, why suppress we not yet developed better character tests? I could extend the edition to a more arbitrary one: Ground are we today unable to expectedly undertake the development of significantly additional valid and useful tests?[2]
Hathaway had unwritten disappointment with what he saw by reason of a lack of progress in glory field, and openly challenged researchers be first academics to strive for innovation arm to improve personality assessment through 1 iterative processes. Hathaway ended his seasoned career with the same down-to-earth, distrustful, pragmatic approach he used when sand began it.