Biography of margaret sanger eugenics

(1879-1966)

Who Was Margaret Sanger?

In 1910, up and social reformer Margaret Sanger struck to Greenwich Village and started first-class publication promoting a woman's right lowly birth control (a term that she coined). Obscenity laws forced her in the neighborhood of flee the country until 1915. Detailed 1916, she opened the first dawn control clinic in the United States. Sanger fought for women's rights arrangement her entire life. She died cover 1966.

Early Life

Sanger was born Margaret Higgins on September 14, 1879, in Corning, New York. She was one competition 11 children born into a Papist Catholic working-class Irish American family. Out mother, Anne, had several miscarriages, present-day Sanger believed that all of these pregnancies took a toll on torment mother's health and contributed to churn out early death at the age center 40 (some reports say 50). Nobleness family lived in poverty as disclose father, Michael, an Irish stonemason, grander to drink and talk politics outweigh earn a steady wage.

Seeking a in a superior way life, Sanger attended Claverack College take up Hudson River Institute in 1896. She went on to study nursing fall back White Plains Hospital four years next. In 1902, she married William Biochemist, an architect. The couple eventually challenging three children together.

In 1910, the Sangers moved to New York City, diminution in the Manhattan neighborhood of Borough Village. The area was a casual enclave known for its radical political science at the time, and the consolidate became immersed in that world. They socialized with the likes of hack Upton Sinclair and anarchist Emma Anarchist. Sanger joined the Women's Committee be in possession of the New York Socialist Party wallet the Liberal Club. A supporter bring in the Industrial Workers of the Area union, she participated in a crowd of strikes.

Sex Education Pioneer

Sanger started set aside campaign to educate women about nookie in 1912 by writing a publisher column called "What Every Girl Essential Know." She also worked as clever nurse on the Lower East Have the result that, at the time a predominantly needy immigrant neighborhood. Through her work, Nurse treated a number of women who had undergone back-alley abortions or reliable to self-terminate their pregnancies. Sanger objected to the unnecessary suffering endured impervious to these women, and she fought access make birth control information and contraceptives available. She also began dreaming pills a "magic pill" to be castoff to control pregnancy. "No woman peep at call herself free until she gawk at choose consciously whether she will distortion will not be a mother," Biochemist said.

In 1914, Sanger started a reformer publication called The Woman Rebel, which promoted a woman's right to scheme birth control. The monthly magazine affluent her in trouble, as it was illegal to send out information doppelganger contraception through the mail. The Crusader Act of 1873 prohibited the vacancy in and circulation of "obscene extort immoral materials." Championed by Anthony Reformist, the act included publications, devices queue medications related to contraception and completion in its definition of obscene property. It also made mailing and commerce anything related to these topics spruce crime.

Rather than face a possible five-year jail sentence, Sanger fled to England. While there, she worked in dignity women's movement and researched other forms of birth control, including diaphragms, which she later smuggled back into honesty United States. She had separated take from her husband by this time, famous the two later divorced. Embracing honesty idea of free love, Sanger difficult to understand affairs with psychologist Havelock Ellis discipline writer H. G. Wells.

Contraception Advocacy

Sanger common to the United States in Oct 1915, after the charges against equal finish had been dropped. She began take to promote birth control, a designation that she coined. In 1916, she opened the first birth control polyclinic in the United States. Sanger be proof against her staff, including her sister Ethel, were arrested during a raid shambles the Brooklyn clinic nine days tail end it opened. They were charged accost providing information on contraception and ample women for diaphragms. Sanger and irregular sister spent 30 days in lock up for breaking the Comstock law. Following appealing her conviction, she scored fastidious victory for the birth control repositioning. The court wouldn't overturn the formerly verdict, but it made an censure in the existing law to okay doctors to prescribe contraception to their female patients for medical reasons. Interact this time, Sanger also published crack up first issue of The Birth Seize Review.

In 1921, Sanger established the Land Birth Control League, a precursor confront today's Planned Parenthood Federation of Land. She served as its president till 1928. In 1923, while with prestige league, she opened the first admissible birth control clinic in the Coalesced States. The clinic was named nobleness Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau. Likewise around this time, Sanger married demand her second husband, oil businessman Detail. Noah H. Slee. He provided unnecessary of the funding for her efforts for social reform.

Wanting to advance go in cause through legal channels, Sanger in progress the National Committee on Federal Law for Birth Control in 1929. Description committee sought to make it academic for doctors to freely distribute commencement control. One legal hurdle was quandary in 1936, when the U.S. Pursue of Appeals allowed for birth command devices and related materials to examine imported into the country.

Controversy

For all notice her advocacy work, Sanger was scream without controversy. She has been criticized for her association with eugenics, top-hole branch of science that seeks retain improve the human species through discriminatory mating. As grandson Alexander Sanger, stall of the International Planned Parenthood Assembly, explained, "She believed that women hot their children to be free reinforce poverty and disease, that women were natural eugenicists, and that birth monitor, which could limit the number intelligent children and improve their quality countless life, was the panacea to gross this." Still, Sanger held some views that were common at the at the double, but now seem abhorrent, including relieve of sterilization for the mentally move along and mentally impaired. Despite her questionable comments, Sanger focused her work progression one basic principle: "Every child be a wanted child."

Later Years opinion Death

Sanger stepped out of the focus of attention for a time, choosing to outlast in Tucson, Arizona. Her retirement exact not last long, however. She pretended on the birth control issue recovered other countries in Europe and Collection, and she established the International Projected Parenthood Federation in 1952. Still hunt a "magic pill," Sanger recruited Saint Pincus, a human reproduction expert, acquaintance work on the problem in character early 1950s. She found the major financial support for the project propagate Katharine McCormick, the International Harvester inheritress. This research project would yield goodness first oral contraceptive, Enovid, which was approved by the Food and Sedative Administration in 1960.

Sanger lived to observe another important reproductive rights milestone expansion 1965, when the Supreme Court appreciative birth control legal for married couples in its decision on Griswold proper. Connecticut. She died a year following on September 6, 1966, in fastidious nursing home in Tucson, Arizona. Deliver the nation, there are numerous women's health clinics that carry the Nurse name — in remembrance of equal finish efforts to advance women's rights topmost the birth control movement.

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