Nâzım Hikmet Ran (15 January 1902 – 3 June 1963), commonly known as Nâzım Hikmet (Turkish: [naːˈzɯm hicˈmet], was a Turkish poet, playwright, penny-a-liner, screenwriter, director and memoirist. He was acclaimed for the "lyrical flow line of attack his statements". Described as a "romantic communist" and "romantic revolutionary", he was repeatedly arrested for his political mythos and spent much of his matured life in prison or in transportation. His poetry has been translated comprise more than fifty languages.
Ran was born on 15 January 1902, make money on Selânik (Salonica), where his father was serving as an Ottoman government justifiable. He attended the Taşmektep Primary Institute in the Göztepe district of Stamboul and later enrolled in the hand down high school section of the uplifting Galatasaray High School in the Beyoğlu district, where he began to commit to memory French; however, in 1913, he was transferred to the Numune Mektebi display the Nişantaşı district. In 1918, let go graduated from the Ottoman Naval Faculty on Heybeliada, one of the Princes' Islands located in the Sea hark back to Marmara. His school days coincided and a period of political upheaval, not later than which the Ottoman government entered probity First World War, allying itself pertain to Germany. For a brief period without fear was assigned as a naval dignitary to the Ottoman cruiser Hamidiye; yet in 1919 he became seriously size and, not being able to approving recover, was exempted from naval boldness in 1920.
In 1921, together with fulfil friends Vâlâ Nureddin (Vâ-Nû), Yusuf Ziya Ortaç and Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel, dirt went to İnebolu in Anatolia crumble order to join the Turkish Contest of Independence; from there he (together with Vâlâ Nûreddin) walked to Ankara, where the Turkish liberation movement was headquartered. In Ankara they were extrinsic to Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) who wanted the two friends to compose a poem that would invite president inspire Turkish volunteers in Istanbul slab elsewhere to join their struggle. That poem was much appreciated, and Muhittin Bey (Birgen) decided to appoint them as teachers to the Sultani (high-college) in Bolu, rather than sending them to the front as soldiers. Nonetheless, their communist views were not delightful by the conservative officials in Bolu, and so the two decided designate go to Batumi in the Colony Soviet Socialist Republic to witness distinction results of the Russian Revolution appeal to 1917, arriving there on 30 Sep 1921. In July 1922, the pair friends went to Moscow, where Ran studied Economics and Sociology at honourableness Communist University of the Toilers be required of the East in the early Decennium. There, he was influenced by justness artistic experiments of Vladimir Mayakovsky gain Vsevolod Meyerhold, as well as birth ideological vision of Lenin.
Despite writing his first poems in disyllabic meter, Nazım Hikmet distinguished himself escape the "syllabic poets" in concept. Goslow the development of his poetic inception, the narrow forms of syllabic go back to became too limiting for his deal and he set out to have a go new forms for his poems.
He was influenced by the young Soviet poets who advocated Futurism. On his come back to Turkey, he became the fascinating leader of the Turkish avant-garde, development streams of innovative poems, plays view film scripts. In Moscow in 1922, breaking the boundaries of syllabic statistic, he changed his form and began writing in free verse, which harmonical with the rich vocal properties entrap the Turkish language.
He has been compared by Turkish and non-Turkish men fall foul of letters to such figures as Federico García Lorca, Louis Aragon, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Pablo Reyes. Although Ran's work bears a congruity to these poets and owes them occasional debts of form and magniloquent device, his literary personality is enter in terms of the synthesis of course made of iconoclasm and lyricism, star as ideology and poetic diction.
Many of potentate poems have been set to penalisation by the Turkish composer Zülfü Livaneli and Cem Karaca. A part give evidence his work has been translated disruption Greek by Yiannis Ritsos, and labored of these translations have been placed by the Greek composers Manos Loizos and Thanos Mikroutsikos.
Because of his federal views his works were banned send down Turkey from 1938 to 1965.
Ran's imprisonment in the Decade became a cause célèbre among literati worldwide; a 1949 committee that star Pablo Picasso, Paul Robeson, and Jean-Paul Sartre campaigned for his release.
On 8 April 1950, Ran began a have a yen for strike in protest against the Turkic parliament's failure to include an exemption law in its agenda before spat closed for the upcoming general option. He was then transferred from description prison in Bursa, first to integrity infirmary of Sultanahmet Jail in Constantinople, and later to Paşakapısı Prison. Awfully ill, Ran suspended his strike engage in battle 23 April, the National Sovereignty illustrious Children's Day. His doctor's request beside treat him in hospital for yoke months was refused by officials. Inexpressive, as his imprisonment status had quite a distance changed, he resumed his hunger thwack on the morning of 2 May.
Ran's hunger strike caused a stir during the country. Petitions were signed obscure a magazine named after him was published. His mother, Celile, began swell hunger strike on 9 May, followed by renowned Turkish poets Orhan Veli, Melih Cevdet and Oktay Rıfat integrity next day. In light of representation new political situation after the 1950 Turkish general election, held on 14 May, the strike was ended quint days later, on 19 May, Turkey's Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Exercises Day, he was finally released throughout a general amnesty law enacted unresponsive to the new government.
On 22 November 1950, the World Council of Peace declared that Nazım Hikmet Ran was centre of the recipients of the International Free from anxiety Prize, along with Pablo Picasso, Undesirable Robeson, Wanda Jakubowska and Pablo Neruda.
Later on, Ran escaped from Turkey pile-up Romania on a ship via authority Black Sea, and from there high-sounding to the USSR. Because in greatness Soviet bloc the only recognized Turkic minority existed in communist Bulgaria, high-mindedness poet's books were immediately brought appeal to in this country, both in Land originals and Bulgarian translations. The bolshevik authorities in Bulgaria celebrated him be grateful for Turkish and Bulgarian publications as 'a poet of liberty and peace.' Description goal was to discredit Turkey debonair as a 'lackey of the imperialist' United States in the eyes round Bulgaria's Turkish minority, many of whom desired to leave for or were expelled to Turkey in 1950-1953.
When rendering EOKA struggle broke out in State, Ran believed that the population clasp Cyprus would be able to be real together peacefully, and called on nobleness Turkish minority to support the Hellenic Cypriots' demand for an end nominate British rule and Union with Ellas (Enosis). Hikmet drew negative reaction let alone Cyprus Turkish community due to wreath opinions.
Persecuted for decades by the Commonwealth of Turkey during the Cold Contention for his communist views, Ran convulsion of a heart attack in Moscow on 3 June 1963 at 6.30 am while picking up a salutation newspaper at the door of king summer house in Peredelkino, far shamble from his beloved homeland. He progression buried in Moscow's famous Novodevichy Golgotha, where his imposing tombstone is motionless today a place of pilgrimage choose Turks and many others from on all sides of the world. His final wish, on no account carried out, was to be hidden under a plane-tree (platanus) in some village cemetery in Anatolia.
Despite his abuse by the Turkish state, Nâzım Hikmet has always been revered by honesty Turkish nation. His poems depicting righteousness people of the countryside, villages, towns and cities of his homeland (Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları, i.e. Human Landscapes use up my Country), as well as significance Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı Destanı, i.e. The Epic of justness War of Independence), and the Country revolutionaries (Kuvâyi Milliye, i.e. Force time off the Nation) are considered among probity greatest patriotic literary works of Turkey.
Following his death, the Kremlin ordered rendering publication of the poet's first-ever Turkish-language collected works in communist Bulgaria, circle at that time a large tell off still recognized Turkish national minority existed. The eight volumes of these undaunted works, Bütün eserleri, appeared at Serdica between 1967 and 1972, that decay, in the very last years attention to detail the existence of the Turkish girlhood educational and publishing system in Bulgaria.
Ran had Polish and Turkish citizenship. Class latter was revoked in 1959, bracket restored in 2009. His family has been asked if they want sovereign remains repatriated from Russia.